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Groundwater Recharge Assessment in an Arid, Coastal, Middle Mountain Copper Mining District, Coquimbo Region, North-central Chile

Einschätzung der Grundwasser-Neubildung in einer ariden, küstennahen Mittelgebirgsregion mit Kupferbergbau, Region Coquimbo, nördliches Zentral-Chile

Evaluación de la recarga de aguas subterráneas en un distrito de minas de cobre, árido, costero y de montaña media de la región de Coquimbo, centro-norte de Chile

位于干旱的智利中北部科金博(Coquimbo)沿海中高山地的铜矿区地下水补给评价

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Abstract

Groundwater recharge processes operating in a portion of the western slope of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (30°S) were assessed. The study takes advantage of the presence of the Cerro Brillador Mine (CBM), currently part of the Universidad de La Serena mining research center. Six factors—slope, solar exposure, drainage density, lineament density, geology and vegetation were characterized in a 12 km × 12 km area around the mine to identify the zones of greatest and least potential for groundwater recharge. The analysis indicates that approximately 66% of the total area presents favorable conditions for recharge. At a more local scale, the work focused on the CBM itself, an experimental facility where structural measurements in the interior and exterior of the mine, monitoring of the water level in the shaft, and sampling of mine water for chemical and isotopic composition were carried out. The chemical analysis highlighted the lack of acid drainage, despite the existence of pyrite (FeS2) and copper-sulfate mineralization in the mine. The isotopic analysis showed that the groundwater has a similar signature to local precipitation. From this information, a simple conceptual model for the hydrogeology is proposed, in which precipitation rapidly recharges the mine along faults and joints with a preferential N-S strike, but is impounded by the Urrutia fault, which facilitates the storage of groundwater in the underground workings by acting as a flow barrier. A simple analysis suggests a recharge rate on the order of 5% of the average annual precipitation for the CBM area.

Zusammenfassung

In einem Teil des Westhangs der chilenischen Küstenkordillere (30° Süd) wurden die Vorgänge der Grundwasser-Neubildung untersucht. Die Studie nutzt die Anwesenheit der Cerro-Brillador-Mine (CBM), die derzeit Teil des Bergbauforschungszentrums der Universität von La Serena ist. Sechs Faktoren − Hangneigung, Sonneneinstrahlung, Entwässerungsdichte, Geofrakturdichte, Geologie und Vegetation wurden in einem Gebiet von 12 km × 12 km um die Mine herum charakterisiert, um die Zonen mit dem größten und geringsten Potenzial für Grundwasser-Neubildung zu identifizieren. Die Analyse zeigt, dass etwa 66 % der Gesamtfläche günstige Bedingungen für Grundwasser-Neubildung aufweisen. Auf lokaler Ebene konzentrierte sich die Arbeit auf die CBM selbst, eine Versuchsanlage, in der Strukturmessungen im Inneren und Äußeren der Mine, Überwachung des Wasserstandes im Schacht und Probenahme von Grubenwasser zur Analyse der chemischen und Isotopen-Zusammensetzung durchgeführt wurden. Die chemische Analyse verdeutlichte das Fehlen eines sauren Drains trotz der Existenz von Pyrit (FeS2) und Kupfersulfat-Mineralisierung in der Mine. Die Isotopenanalyse zeigte, dass das Grundwasser eine ähnliche Signatur hatte wie lokales Niederschlagswasser. Aus dieser Information wird ein einfaches konzeptionelles Modell für die regionale Hydrogeologie vorgeschlagen. Demnach wird die Mine entlang von Bruchlinien und Klüften mit bevorzugter N-S Streichrichtung schnell mit Niederschlagswasser gespeist. Dieses wird aber durch die Urrutia-Verwerfung aufgestaut, die die Speicherung von Grundwasser im Grubengebäude fördert und als Strömungsbarriere wirkt. Eine einfache Analyse legt eine Grundwasser-Neubildungsrate in der Größenordnung von 5 % des durchschnittlichen Jahresniederschlags für den CBM-Bereich nahe.

Resumen

Se evaluaron los procesos de recarga de agua subterránea que operan en una porción de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Costera Chilena (30 ° S). El estudio aprovecha la presencia de la mina Cerro Brillador (CBM), que actualmente forma parte del centro de investigación minera de la Universidad de La Serena. Se caracterizaron seis factores: pendiente, exposición solar, densidad de drenaje, densidad de lineamientos, geología y vegetación en un área de 12 km × 12 km alrededor de la mina para identificar las zonas de mayor y menor potencial de recarga de agua subterránea. El análisis indica que aproximadamente el 66% del área total presenta condiciones favorables para la recarga. A una escala más local, el trabajo se centró en el CBM mismo, una instalación experimental donde se realizaron mediciones estructurales en el interior y el exterior de la mina, el monitoreo del nivel del agua en el pozo y el muestreo de agua de la mina para determinar la composición química e isotópica. afuera. El análisis químico destacó la falta de drenaje ácido, a pesar de la existencia de pirita (FeS2) y la mineralización de sulfato de cobre en la mina. El análisis isotópico mostró que el agua subterránea tiene un patrón similar a la precipitación local. A partir de esta información, se propone un modelo conceptual simple para la hidrogeología, en el cual la precipitación recarga rápidamente la mina a lo largo de fallas y juntas con un ataque NS preferencial, pero está encerrada por la falla Urrutia, que facilita el almacenamiento de agua subterránea en los trabajos subterráneos actuando como una barrera de flujo. Un análisis simple sugiere una tasa de recarga del orden del 5% de la precipitación anual promedio para el área de CBM.

抽象

研究了智利沿海岸山脉(30°S)西坡的地下水补给过程。老矿井Cerro Brillador Mine (CBM)被进一步开发为Universidad de La Serena大学的采矿研究中心。围绕CBM矿井12km×12km范围,从坡度、光照强度、河网密度、线性构造密度、地质条件和植被特征六个方面刻画研究区,识别研究区内最大和最小潜在地下水补给。分析表明,66%的范围都宜划作补给区。在更小的局部尺度内,研究集中于CBM矿本身;整个CBM矿被视作地下水试验系统,测量矿井内外尺寸,监测矿井竖井水位,集取水样化验水质和同位素。水质化学测试结果表明,虽然矿井存在黄铁矿(FeS2)和硫酸铜矿化作用,但是矿井水并不显酸性。同位素分析结果显示地下水具有与当地降水类似的特征。由此,提出概念模型:降水沿N-S向断层和节理快速补给矿井,被Urrutia断层阻隔,使井下工作面储存水量增加。简单分析表明,CBM地区地下水补给量为当量平均降水量的5%。

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Acknowledgements

This work was developed within the framework of the Conicyt/Programa Fondecyt Project 1150587 and the Water Resources and Environment Program (PRHIMA, for its acronym in Spanish) of the Department of Mining Engineering of the Universidad de La Serena, and Conicyt/Fondap/15130015 Center CRHIAM. The paper benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers, and the editorial suggestions of Dr. A. Maest.

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Oyarzún, J., Núñez, J., Fairley, J.P. et al. Groundwater Recharge Assessment in an Arid, Coastal, Middle Mountain Copper Mining District, Coquimbo Region, North-central Chile. Mine Water Environ 38, 226–242 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-019-00603-7

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