Abstract
Objective
To better understand melasma, a review of its etiologic factors, classification, pathogenesis, and treatment was undertaken.
Methods
Articles discussing the above aspects of melasma were used to demonstrate what is currently known about the disease and how to treat it.
Results
Melasma is associated with many etiologic factors, most importantly, sun exposure. It occurs in three distributions and has four reported patterns of pigmentation. Among the many differences between melasma and normal skin, melasma skin contains increased melanin, melanocytes, and melanosomes, as well as increased synthesis of tyrosinase. Its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Treatment consists of phenolic and nonphenolic depigmenting agents, chemical peels, lasers, and dermabrasion.
Conclusion
Melasma is a common skin disorder. Although melasma has been studied, its pathogenesis remains largely unknown and its treatment is still met with difficulty. Randomized controlled trials involving larger numbers of patients and comparing treatments, as well as studying combination therapies, would be beneficial.
Sommaire
Objectif
Afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des mélasmes, nous avons examiné leurs facteurs étiologiques, leur classification, leur pathogenèse et leurs traitements.
Méthode
Des articles traitant des aspects sus-mentionnés des mélasmes ont été utilisés afin de définir ce que nous savons déjà sur cette affection et les moyens de la traiter.
Résultats
Les mélasmes sont associés à un grand nombre de facteurs étiologiques, surtout I’exposition au soleil. Trois sites et quatre types de pigmentation ont été recensés. Parmi les nombreuses différences entre une peau saine et une peau affectée, notons que la peau présentant des mélasmes contient un taux plus élevé de mélanine, de mélanocytes et de mélanosomes, ainsi qu’une plus forte synthèse de la tyrosinase. Sa pathogenèse reste généralement inconnue. Parmi les traitements on retrouve les agents dépigmentants phènoliques et non phénoliques, le peeling chimique, le traitement au laser et la dermabrasion.
Conclusion
Le mélasme est une affection cutanée commune. Malgré toutes les études, sa pathogenèse demeure inconnue et il reste difficile à traiter. Des essais contrôlés randomisés sur un plus grand nombre de patients, qui permettent la comparaison des résultats, de même que I’étude des polythérapies seraient bénéfiques.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
TB Fitzpatrick A Eisen W Klaus et al. (1987) Dermatology in General Medicine EditionNumber3rd ed McGraw-Hill New York 848–849
WH Kang KH Yoon E-S Lee et al. (2002) ArticleTitleMelasma: histopathological characteristics in 56 Korean patients Br J Dermatol 146 IssueID2 228–237 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0007-0963.2001.04556.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ntFGgsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11903232
NP Sanchez MA Pathak S Sato et al. (1981) ArticleTitleMelasma: a clinical, light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescence study J Am Acad Dermatol 4 IssueID6 698–710 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi6B3MnhtV0%3D Occurrence Handle6787100
PE Grimes (1995) ArticleTitleMelasma. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations Arch Dermatol 131 IssueID12 1453–1457 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.131.12.1453 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymD1MvovVc%3D Occurrence Handle7492140
AG Pandya IL Guevara (2000) ArticleTitleDisorders of Hyperpigmentation Dermatol Clin 18 IssueID1 91–98 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FptFGlsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10626115
RJ Lufti M Fridmanis AL Misrunas et al. (1985) ArticleTitleAssociation of melasma with thyroid autoimmunity and other thyroidal abnormalities and their relationship to the origin of melasma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 28–31 Occurrence Handle3923030
S Resnick (1967) ArticleTitleMelasma induced by oral contraceptive drugs JAMA 199 95–99
RA Sturm DL Duffy NF Box et al. (2003) ArticleTitleThe role of melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphism in skin cancer risk phenotypes Pigment Cell Res 16 IssueID3 266–272 Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00041.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkslemtLg%3D Occurrence Handle12753400
R Sarangarajan RE Boissey (2001) ArticleTitleTyrp I and oculocutaneous albinism type 3 Pigment Cell Res 14 IssueID6 437–444 Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0749.2001.140603.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FkvVehsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11775055
I Suzuki T Kato T Motokawa et al. (2002) ArticleTitleIncrease of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA prior to tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, dopachrome tautomerase, Pmel-17/gp100, and P-protein mRNA in human skin after ultraviolet B irradiation J Invest Dermatol 118 IssueID1 73–78 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01647.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1Wgurc%3D Occurrence Handle11851878
S Im O Moro F Peng et al. (1998) ArticleTitleActivation of cyclic AMP pathway by alpha-melanotropin mediates the response of human melanocytes to ultraviolet B radiation Cancer Res 58 IssueID1 47–54 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitVGmsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9426056
S Im J Kim W On et al. (2002) ArticleTitleIncreased expression of [alpha]-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the lesional skin of melasma Br J Dermatol 146 IssueID1 165–167 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.4513_3.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD387hvFSkuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11852920
M Perez JL Sanchez F Aguilo (1983) ArticleTitleEndocrinologic profile of patients with idiopathic melasma J Invest Dermatol 81 IssueID6 543–545 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuD28zhsVI%3D Occurrence Handle6644096
R Sialy I Hassan I Kaur et al. (2000) ArticleTitleMelasma in men: a hormonal profile J Dermatol 27 IssueID1 64–65 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7lslaiuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10692830
R Wolf H Matz E Orion et al. (2003) ArticleTitleSunscreens—The Ultimate Cosmetic Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 11 IssueID3 158–162 Occurrence Handle12967508
A Perez–Bernal MA Munoz–Perez F Camacho (2000) ArticleTitleManagement of facial hyperpigmentation Am J Clin Dermatol 1 IssueID5 261–268 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnltVCisw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11702317
CY Levin H Maibach (2001) ArticleTitleExogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options Am J Clin Dermatol 2 IssueID4 213–217 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnltFGhtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11705248
RC Tung WF Bergfeld AT Vidimos et al. (2000) ArticleTitlealpha-Hydroxy acid-based cosmetic procedures. Guidelines for patient management Am J Clin Dermatol 1 IssueID2 81–88 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnltVeqtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11702315
JT Lim (1999) ArticleTitleTreatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid Dermatol Surg 25 IssueID4 282–284 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08236.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzkvVGhuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10417583
K Jimbow (1991) ArticleTitle N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol as a new type of depigmenting agent for the melanoderma of patients with melasma Arch Dermatol 127 IssueID10 1528–1534 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.127.10.1528 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2D38jotlI%3D Occurrence Handle1929460
A Fitton KL Goa (1991) ArticleTitleAzelaic acid. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in acne and hyperpigmentary skin disorders Drugs 41 IssueID5 780–798 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6A3c7gs1I%3D Occurrence Handle1712709
KU Schallreuter JW Wood (1990) ArticleTitleA possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis Arch Dermatol Res 282 IssueID3 168–171 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXltV2htLY%3D Occurrence Handle2114832
M Nazzaro–Porro (1987) ArticleTitleAzelaic acid J Am Acad Dermatol 17 IssueID6 1033–1041 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BieC3MnhslA%3D Occurrence Handle2963038
VM Verallo–Rowell V Verallo K Graupe et al. (1989) ArticleTitleDouble-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 143 58–61 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaA2s%2FovFM%3D
LM Balina K Graupe (1991) ArticleTitleThe treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream Int J Dermatol 30 IssueID12 893–895 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2B2srovFQ%3D Occurrence Handle1816137
K Yoshimura K Tsukamoto M Okazaki et al. (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of all-trans retinoic acid on melanogenesis in pigmented skin equivalents and monolayer culture of melanocytes J Dermatol Sci 27 IssueIDSuppl 1 S68–75 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0923-1811(01)00116-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFSqsb4%3D Occurrence Handle11514127
CE Griffiths LJ Finkel CM Ditre et al. (1993) ArticleTitleTopical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial Br J Dermatol 129 IssueID4 415–421 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuD3s7ntlE%3D Occurrence Handle8217756
M Amer M Metwalli (2000) ArticleTitleTopical liquiritin improves melasma Int J Dermatol 39 IssueID4 299–301 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00943.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ntVSrug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10809983
AM Kligman I Willis (1975) ArticleTitleA new formula for depigmenting human skin Arch Dermatol 111 IssueID1 40–48 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.111.1.40 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSqC38nmslU%3D Occurrence Handle1119822
SC Taylor H Torok T Jones et al. (2003) ArticleTitleEfficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma Cutis 72 IssueID1 67–72 Occurrence Handle12889718
SM Javaheri S Handa I Kaur et al. (2001) ArticleTitleSafety and efficacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma Int J Dermatol 40 IssueID5 354–357 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01149.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mrgs12gtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11555002
K Nouri L Bowes T Chattier et al. (1999) ArticleTitleCombination treatment of melasma with pulsed CO2 laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser: a pilot study Dermatol Surg 25 IssueID6 494–497 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08248.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzpvVOqtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10469101
S Kunachak P Leelaudomlipi S Wongwaisayawan (2001) ArticleTitleDermabrasion: a curative treatment for melasma Aesth Plast Surg 25 IssueID2 114–117 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002660010107 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ltFansw%3D%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Victor, F.C., Gelber, J. & Rao, B. Melasma: A Review. JCMS 8, 97–102 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-004-0158-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-004-0158-9