Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chromium slag detoxification by carbon monoxide off-gases and optimization of detoxification parameters by Box–Behnken design

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study explores the feasibility and advantages of chromium slag (CS) detoxification by carbon monoxide (CO) off-gases. A chromate plant in an industrial park was surveyed to determine the pollution distribution and pathways. Based on the plant’s layout, the technology of CS dry-detoxification by CO off-gases was proposed. The response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were adopted in bench-scale experiments to analyze and optimize the factors that influence the reaction. The effect of H2, which is the major impurity in CO off-gases, was studied using simulated off-gases. The results indicated that CO could effectively reduce Cr(VI) below 400 °C, and a small amount of H2 in the off-gases significantly promoted the detoxification effect. The Box–Behnken design experiment showed that temperature was the key factor in the reduction process. Simulated polynomial functions were proved to be effective in optimizing the technological parameters and predicting the detoxification effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Darrie G (2001) Commercial extraction technology and process waste disposal in the manufacture of chromium chemicals from ore. Environ Geochem Health 23(3):187–193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:101229592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Murthy YR, Tripathy SK, Kumar CR (2011) Chrome ore beneficiation challenges & opportunities—a review. Miner Eng 24(5):375–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.12.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cheung KH, Gu JD (2007) Mechanism of hexavalent chromium detoxification by microorganisms and bioremediation application potential: a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 59(1):8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Xu W, Li X, Zhou Q, Peng Z, Liu G, Qi T (2011) Remediation of chromite ore processing residue by hydrothermal process with starch. Process Saf Environ 89(3):179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2010.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Walawska B, Kowalski Z (2000) Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate(VI) with the use of chromic wastes. Waste Manag 20(8):711–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00038-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Li CL, Meng JH, Ren J, Ma QQ (2015) Research status of the chromium residue treatment. Environ Eng 33(4):112–115. https://doi.org/10.13205/j.hjgc.201504024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Li CT, Lee WJ, Huang KL, Fu SF, Lait YC (2007) Vitrification of chromium electroplating sludge. Environ Sci Technol 41(8):2950–2956. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062803d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Moon DH, Wazne M, Dermatas D, Christodoulatos C, Sanchez AM, Grubb DG, Chrysochoou M, Kim MG (2007) Long-term treatment issues with chromite ore processing residue (COPR): Cr (6 +) reduction and heave. J Hazard Mater 143(3):629–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chrysochoou M, Johnston CP, Dahal G (2012) A comparative evaluation of hexavalent chromium treatment in contaminated soil by calcium polysulfide and green-tea nanoscale zero-valent iron. J Hazard Mater 201–202:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Liao C, Tang Y, Liu C, Shih K, Li F (2016) Double-barrier mechanism for chromium immobilization: a quantitative study of crystallization and leachability. J Hazard Mater 311:246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sreeram KJ, Ramasami T (2003) Sustaining tanning process through conservation, recovery and better utilization of chromium. Resour Conserv Recycl 38(3):185–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(02)00151-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Zheng S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Qi T, Li H, Xu H (2006) Green metallurgical processing of chromite. Hydrometallurgy 82(3):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Farmer JG, Paterson E, Bewley RJ, Geelhoed JS, Hillier S, Meeussen JC, Lumsdon DG, Thomas RP, Graham MC (2006) The implications of integrated assessment and modeling studies for the future remediation of chromite ore processing residue disposal sites. Sci Total Environ 360(1–3):90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Tinjum JM, Benson CH, Edil TB (2008) Mobilization of Cr(VI) from chromite ore processing residue through acid treatment. Sci Total Environ 391(1):13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen J, Wang Y, Zhou S, Lei X (2016) Reduction/immobilization processes of hexavalent chromium using metakaolin-based geopolymer. J Environ Chem Eng 5(1):373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.11.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang D, He S, Dai L, Hu X, Wu D, Peng K, Bu G, Pang H, Kong H (2009) Treatment of chromite ore processing residue by pyrolysis with rice straw. Chemosphere 77(8):1143–11455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wang YK, Lei XM, Deng L, Wang X, Wang C, Che D (2014) A review on utilization of combustible waste gas(I): blast furnace gas, converter gas and coke oven gas. Therm Power Gener 43(7):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3364.2014.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mayer C, Breun P, Schultmann F (2017) Considering risks in early stage investment planning for emission abatement technologies in large combustion plants. J Clean Prod 142:133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ma QX, Zhao TS (2007) Utilization of carbide furnace gas. Polyvinyl Chloride 35:40–45

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ning P, Wang X, Bart HJ, Tian S, Zhang Y, Wang XQ (2011) Removal of phosphorus and sulfur from yellow phosphorus off-gas by metal-modified activated carbon. J Clean Prod 19(13):1547–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Molitor B, Richter H, Martin ME, Jensen RO, Juminaga A, Mihalcea C, Angenent LT (2016) Carbon recovery by fermentation of CO-rich off gases—turning steel mills into biorefineries. Bioresour Technol 215:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Pronzato L, Walter E (1993) Experimental design for estimating the optimum point in a response surface. Acta Appl Math 33(1):45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995494

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Hwang CF, Chang JH, Houng JY, Tsai CC, Lin CK, Tsen HY (2012) Optimization of medium composition for improving biomass production of Lactobacillus plantarum Pi06 using the Taguchi array design and the Box–Behnken method. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 17(4):827–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-012-0007-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Shen N, Wang Q, Qin Y, Zhu J, Zhu QX, Mi H, Wei Y, Huang R (2014) Optimization of succinic acid production from cane molasses by Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137 using response surface methodology (RSM). Food Sci Biotechnol 23(6):1911–1919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0261-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. El-Naggar EA, El-Shweihy NM, El-Ewasy SM (2016) Identification and statistical optimization of fermentation conditions for a newly isolated extracellular cholesterol oxidase-producing Streptomyces cavourensisstrain NEAE-42. BMC Microbiol 16(1):217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0830-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Box GEP, Wilson KB (1951) On the experimental attainment of optimum multifactorial conditions. In: Kotz S, Johnson NL (eds) Springer series in statistics (perspectives in statistics). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_23

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Box GEP, Behnken DW (1960) Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables. Technometrics 2:455–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1960.10489912

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Chaudhary H, Kohli K, Amin S, Rathee P, Kumar V (2011) Optimization and formulation design of gels of diclofenac and curcumin for transdermal drug delivery by Box–Behnken statistical design. J Pharm Sci US 100(2):580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sánchez-Lafuente C, Furlanetto S, Fernández-Arévalo M, Alvarez-Fuentes J, Rabasco AM, Faucci MT, Pinzauti S, Mura P (2002) Didanosine extended-release matrix tablets: optimization of formulation variables using statistical experimental design. Int J Pharm 237(1–2):107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00028-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Palamakula A, Nutan MTH, Khan MA (2004) Response surface methodology for optimization and characterization of limonenebased coenzyme Q10 self-nanoemulsified capsule dosage form. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 5(4):114–121. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt050466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Soma A, Saleem MM (2015) Design of experiment based factorial design and response surface methodology for MEMS optimization. Microsyst Technol 21(1):263–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferreira SLC, Bruns RE, Ferreira HS, Matos GD, David JM, Brandao GC, da Silva EGP, Portugal LA, dos Reis PS, Souza AS, dos Santos WNL (2007) Box–Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 597:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Aytar P, Gedikli S, Buruk Y, Cabuk A, Burnak N (2014) Lead and nickel biosorption with a fungal biomass isolated from metal mine drainage: Box–Behnken experimental design. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(6):1631–1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0354-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. He L, Li B, Ning P, Zhang T, Bi T, Gong X, Min X (2018) Method and process optimization of applying CO waste gas to detoxify chromite ore processing residue. Chin J Environ Eng 12(9):2617–2626. https://doi.org/10.12030/j.cjee.201804127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. MEPC (2007) Solid quality-determination of total chromium-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Standard No. HJ 491-2009, China

  36. MEPC (1987) Water quality-determination of chromium(VI)-1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide spectrophotometric method. Standard No. GB/T 7467-87, China

  37. MEPC (2007) Solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method. Standard No. HJ/T 299-2007, China

  38. MEPC (1995) Solid waste-determination of chromium(VI)-1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide spectrophotometric method. Standard No. GB/T 15555. 4-1995, China

  39. MEPC (2014) Solid waste-determination of hexavalent chromium-by alkaline digestion/flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric. Standard No. HJ 687-2014, China

  40. MEPC (1995) Environmental quality standard for soils. Standard No.GB 15618-1995, China

  41. MEPC (2002) Environmental quality standards for surface water. Standard No.GB 3838-2002, China

  42. MEPC (2017) Standard for groundwater quality. Standard No.GB/T14848-2017, China. APA

  43. Wang T, He M, Pan Q (2007) A new method for the treatment of chromite ore processing residues. J Hazard Mater 149(2):440–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Gangadharan D, Sivaramakrishnan S, Nampoothiri KR, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A (2008) Response surface methodology for the optimization of alpha amylase production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bioresour Technol 99(11):4597–4602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Muhamad MH, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Mohamad AB, Abdul Rahman R, Hasan Kadhum AA (2013) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimisation of COD, NH3–N and 2,4-DCP removal from recycled paper wastewater in a pilot-scale granular activated carbon sequencing batch biofilm reactor (GAC-SBBR). J Environ Manag 121:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Francis F, Sabu A, Nampoothiri KM, Ramachandran S, Ghosh S, Szakacs G, Pandey A (2003) Use of response surface methodology for optimizing process parameters for the production of ɑ-amylase by Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem Eng J 15(2):107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00192-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. MEPC (2012) Technical specifications for dry-detoxification treatment and disposal of chromium residue. Standard No. HJ 2017-2012, China

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (no. 2017YFC0210504), and the Major Projects of Technical Innovation in Hubei Province of China (no. 2017ACA092). We gratefully acknowledge the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable help in the review and revision process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, People’s Republic of China

    Liwei He, Bin Li, Ping Ning & Zhuang Shen

  2. Yunnan Yuntou Ecology and Environmental Technology Co., LTD, Kunming, 650217, People’s Republic of China

    Xuejin Zhou

Authors
  1. Liwei He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ping Ning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xuejin Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhuang Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ping Ning.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

He, L., Li, B., Ning, P. et al. Chromium slag detoxification by carbon monoxide off-gases and optimization of detoxification parameters by Box–Behnken design. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 22, 111–122 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00918-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-019-00918-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation