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Intracranial hypertension in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating and life-threatening condition with high mortality and morbidity. Even though there is an association with intracranial pressure (ICP) raise and aSAH, there is a lack of recommendations regarding the indications for ICP monitoring in patients with aSAH. Defining what patients are at a higher risk to develop intracranial hypertension and its role in the functional outcome and mortality in patients with aSAH will be the purpose of the following systematic review and meta-analysis. The primary endpoint is to determine the prevalence and impact on mortality of ICP in patients with aSAH. Secondary endpoints aim to describe the variables related to the development of ICP and the relationship between traumatic and aneurysmal etiology of intracranial hypertension. PubMed, Embase, Central Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials, and research meeting abstracts were searched up to August 2019 for studies that performed ICP monitoring, assessed the prevalence of intracranial hypertension and the mortality, in adults. Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality. The statistical analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel methodology for the prevalence and mortality of intracranial hypertension for reasons with a randomized effect analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2. A total of 110 bibliographic citations were identified, 20 were considered potentially eligible, and after a review of the full text, 12 studies were considered eligible and 5 met the inclusion criteria for this review. One study obtained 7 points in the NOS, another obtained 6 points, and the rest obtained 5 points. Five studies were chosen for the final analysis, involving 793 patients. The rate of intracranial hypertension secondary to aSAH was 70.69% (95% CI 56.79–82.84%) showing high heterogeneity (I2 = 92.48%, p = < 0.0001). The results of the meta-analysis of mortality rate associated with intracranial hypertension after aSAH found a total of four studies, which involved 385 patients. The mortality rate was 30.3% (95% CI: 14.79–48.57%). Heterogeneity was statistically significant (I2 = 90.36%; p value for heterogeneity < 0.001). We found that in several studies, they reported that a high degree of clinical severity scale (Hunt and Hess or WNFS) and tomographic (Fisher) were significantly correlated with the increase in ICP above 20 mmHg (P < 0.05). The interpretation of the results could be underestimated for the design heterogeneity of the included studies. New protocols establishing the indications for ICP monitoring in aSAH are needed. Given the high heterogeneity of the studies included, we cannot provide clinical recommendations regarding this issue.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Concejo Latinoamericano de Neurointensivismo-CLaNi, Cartagena, Colombia

    William A Florez, Ezequiel García-Ballestas & Luis-Rafael Moscote-Salazar

  2. Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia

    Ezequiel García-Ballestas & Luis-Rafael Moscote-Salazar

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Harsh Deora

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Amit Agrawal

  5. Department of Neurosurgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State university, Columbus, OH, USA

    Rafael Martinez-Perez

  6. Institute of Neurosciences, Division of neurosurgery, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

    Rafael Martinez-Perez

  7. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Florida State University, Florida, USA

    Sagar Galwankar

  8. Department of Neurology, Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Ravish Keni

  9. National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India

    Geetha R Menon

  10. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Andrei Joaquim

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  1. William A Florez
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Appendix

Appendix

Search strategy

PUBMED/MEDLINE

“Subarachnoid Hemorrhage”[Mesh]) OR “Aneurysm Ruptured”[Mesh]) AND (“Intracranial pressure” [Mesh]) AND (“mortality” [all fields] OR “death” [all fields])

Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL)

#1MeSH descriptor: [Subarachnoid Hemorrhage] this term only

#2MeSH descriptor: [Intracranial Hemorrhages] this term only

#3MeSH descriptor: [Cerebral Hemorrhage] this term only

#4MeSH descriptor: [Intracranial Aneurysm] this term only

#5MeSH descriptor: [Rupture, Spontaneous] this term only

#6#4 and #5

#7MeSH descriptor: [Aneurysm, Ruptured] this term only

#8MeSH descriptor: [Brain] explode all trees

#9MeSH descriptor: [Meninges] explode all trees

#10#8 or #9

#11#7 and #10

#12(subarachnoid or arachnoid) near/6 (haemorrhage* or hemorrhage* or bleed* or blood*)

#13MeSH descriptor: [Vasospasm, Intracranial] this term only

#14(cerebral or intracranial or cerebrovascular) near/6 (vasospasm or spasm)

#15(brain or cereb* or intracranial) near/3 aneurysm* near/3 ruptur*

#16SAH

#17 #1 or #2 or #3 or #6 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16

#17 mortality [Mesh]

# 18 Death [Mesh]

# 19 17 OR 18

# 20 17 AND 19

# 21 “Intracranial pressure” [Mesh]

# 20 AND 21

EMBASE

1. subarachnoid hemorrhage/

2. brain hemorrhage/ or brain vasospasm/ or intracranial aneurysm/ or brain artery aneurysm/

3. brain artery aneurysm rupture/

4. aneurysm rupture/ and exp brain/

5. ((subarachnoid or arachnoid) adj6 (haemorrhage$ or hemorrhage$ or bleed$ or blood$)).tw.

6. ((brain or cereb$ or intracranial) adj3 aneurysm$ adj3 ruptur$).tw.

7. ((cerebral or intracranial or cerebrovascular) adj6 (vasospasm or spasm)).tw.

8. sah.tw.

9. or/1–8

10. exp. Intracranial Pressure/

11. exp. Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure/

12. (intracranial adj3 pressure).ab,ti.

13. (cerebrospinal adj5 pressure).ab,ti

14. 11 or 12 or 13

15. exp. Patient Monitoring/

16.((physiologic* adj3 monitor*) or patient* monitor*).ab,ti.

17. 15 or 16

18. exp. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring/

19. 17 OR 18

20. 17 and 14

21. 20 and 8

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Florez, W.A., García-Ballestas, E., Deora, H. et al. Intracranial hypertension in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 44, 203–211 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-020-01248-9

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