Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Marine Bacterial Compounds Evaluated by In Silico Studies as Antipsychotic Drugs Against Schizophrenia

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Marine Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the brain disorders which affects the thinking and behavioral skills of patients. This disorder comes along with an overproduction of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid and the prefrontal cortex of SCZ patients. In this study, marine bacterial compounds were screened for their suitability as antagonists against human kynurenine aminotransferase (hKAT-1) which causes the synthesis of kynurenic acid downstream which ultimately causes the SCZ disorder according to the kynurenic hypothesis of SCZ. The marine actinobacterial compound bonactin shows more promising results than other tested marine compounds such as the histamine H2 blocker famotidine and indole-3-acetic acid (IAC) from docking and in silico toxicological studies carried out here. The obtained results of the Grid-based Ligand Docking with Energetics (Glide) scores of extra-precision (XP) Glide against the target protein hKAT-1 on IAC, famotidine, and bonactin were − 6.581, − 6.500 and − 7.730 kcal/mol where Glide energies were − 29.84, − 28.391, and − 47.565 kcal/mol, respectively. Bonactin is known as an antibacterial and antifungal compound being extracted from a marine Streptomyces sp. Comparing tested compounds against the drug target hKAT-1, bonactin alone showed the best Glide score and Glide energy on the target protein hKAT-1.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

IAC :

indole-3-acetic acid

XP :

extra-precision

hKAT :

human kynurenine aminotransferase

kcal/mol :

kilocalories/mole

Glide :

grid-based ligand docking with energetics; GEMODEL/GEVDW (depending on authors)

RBA :

relative binding affinity

IMN :

Istituto Mario Negri

SCZ :

schizophrenia

CNS :

central nervous system

KYNA :

kynurenic acid

CSF :

cerebrospinal fluid

BBB :

blood–brain barrier

AIDS :

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

SP :

standard precision

HTVS :

high-throughput virtual screening

References

  • Akladios FN, Nadvi NA, Park J, Hanrahan JR, Kapoor V, Gorrell MD, Bret Church W (2012) Design and synthesis of novel inhibitors of human kynurenine aminotransferase-I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22(4):1579–1581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alireza N, Guanchen S, Gayan S, Bret Church W (2016) Kynurenine aminotransferase isozyme inhibitors: a review. Int J Mol Sci 17(1):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) DSM-5®-Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn.

  • Aouiche A, Bijani C, Zitouni A, Mathieu F, Sabaou N (2014) Antimicrobial activity of saquayamycins produced by Streptomyces spp. PAL114 isolated from a Saharan soil. J Mycol Med 24(2):e17–e23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aoyagi T, Hatsu M, Imada C, Naganawa H, Okami Y, Takeuchi T (1992) Pyrizinostatin: a new inhibitor of pyroglutamyl peptidase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 45(11):1795–1796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asolkar RN, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W (2006) Daryamides A–C, weakly cytotoxic polyketides from a marine-derived actinomycete of the genus Streptomyces strain CNQ-085. J Nat Prod 69(12):1756–1759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asolkar RN, Schröder D, Heckmann R, Lang S, Wagner-Döbler I, Laatsch H (2004) Helquinoline, a new tetrahydroquinoline antibiotic from Janibacter limosus Hel 1+. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 57(1):17–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman HM, Kleywegt GJ, Nakamura H, Markley JL (2014) The Protein Data Bank archive as an open data resource. J Comput Aided Mol Des 28(10):1009–1014

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bister B, Bischoff D, Ströbele M, Riedlinger J, Reicke A, Wolter F, Bull AT, Zähner H, Fiedler HP, Süssmuth RD (2004) Abyssomicin C–A polycyclic antibiotic from a marine Verrucosispora strain as an inhibitor of the p-aminobenzoic acid/tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43(19):2574–2576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brugnoli R, Rapinesi C, Kotzalidis GD, Marcellusi A, Mennini FS, de Filippis S, Carrus D, Ballerini A, Francomano A, Ducci G, del Casale A, Girardi P (2016) Model of management (Mo.Ma) for the patient with schizophrenia: crisis control, maintenance, relapse prevention, and recovery with long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs). Riv Psichiatr 51:47–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassano A, Raitano G, Mombelli E, Fernández A, Cester J, Roncaglioni A, Benfenati E (2014) Evaluation of QSAR models for the prediction of ames genotoxicity: a retrospective exercise on the chemical substances registered under the EU REACH regulation. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 32(3):273–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Citrome L (2017) A systematic review of meta-analyses of the efficacy of oral atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 13:1545–1573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho JY, Kwon HC, Williams PG, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2006a) Azamerone, a terpenoid phthalazinone from a marine-derived bacterium related to the genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales). Org Lett 8(12):2471–2474

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho JY, Kwon HC, Williams PG, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2006b) Actinofuranones A and B, polyketides from a marine-derived bacterium related to the genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales). J Nat Prod 69(3):425–428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding L, Qin S, Li F, Laatsch H (2008) Novel chacolmycins possessing an amino sugar unit isolated from the marine Streptomyces sp. M491. J Biotechnol 136:S579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C, Skogh E, Lindström LH, Engberg G (2001) Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 313(1–2):96–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floris M, Albanese F, Medda R, Benfenati E (2016) Comprehensive safety evaluation of the chemicals with human and environmental relevance

  • Fraìczek T, Siwek A, Paneth P (2013) Assessing molecular docking tools for relative biological activity prediction: a case study of triazole HIV-1 NNRTIs. J Chem Inf Model 53(12):3326–3342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friesner RA, Banks JL, Murphy RB, Halgren TA, Klicic JJ, Mainz DT, Repasky MP, Knoll EH, Shelley M, Perry JK, Shaw DE, Francis P, Shenkin PS (2004) Glide: a new approach for rapid, accurate docking and scoring. 1. Method and assessment of docking accuracy. J Med Chem 47(7):1739–1749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friesner RA, Murphy RB, Repasky MP, Frye LL, Greenwood JR, Halgren TA, Sanschagrin PC, Mainz DT (2006) Extra precision glide: docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein-ligand complexes. J Med Chem 49(21):6177–6196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gattaz WF, Waldmeier P, Beckmann H (1982) CSF monoamine metabolites in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 66(5):350–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gayan S, Jayawickrama NA, Sun G, Gorrell MD, Church BW (2017) Inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase isozymes by estrogen and its derivatives. Sci Rep 7(17559):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Glide user manual 5.5 Copyright © (2009) Schrödinger, LLC. New York, NY, MCPRO - trademark of William L. Jorgensen. Desmond - trademark of D. E. Shaw Research. Desmond - with the permission of D. E. Shaw Research. Schrödinger Press. Available from: https://isp.ncifcrf.gov/files/isp/uploads/2010/07/gli55_user_manual.pdf

  • Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D (2006) Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters. Talanta 70(4):678–690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidetti P, Amori L, Sapko MT, Okuno E, Schwarcz R (2007) Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: a third kynurenate-producing enzyme in the mammalian brain. J Neurochem 102(1):103–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillemin GJ, Kerr SJ, Brew BJ (2005) Involvement of quinolinic acid in aids dementia complex. Neurotox Res 7(1–2):103–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta J, Kulshreshtha M (2017) Memory impairment with reference to Alzheimer’s disease: an update. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 7(3):45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han Q, Robinson H, Cai T, Tagle DA, Li J (2009) Structural insight into the inhibition of human kynurenine aminotransferase I/glutamine transaminase K. J Med Chem 52(9):2786–2793

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hert MD, Dekker JM, Wood D, Kahl KG, Moller H-J (2009) Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 2(1):49–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iannitelli A, Quartini A, Tirassa P, Bersani G (2017) Schizophrenia and neurogenesis: a stem cell approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 80:414–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jablensky A (2010) The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and future prospects. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 12(3):271–287

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen GE, Niemelä JR, Wedebye EB, Nikolov NG (2008) QSAR models for reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption in regulatory use—a preliminary investigation. SAR QSAR Environ Res 19(7–8):631–641

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PR, Williams PG, Oh DC, Zeigler L, Fenical W (2007) Species-specific secondary metabolite production in marine actinomycetes of the genus Salinispora. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(4):1146–1152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong SY, Shin HJ, Kim TS, Lee HS, Park SK, Kim HM (2006) Streptokordin, a new cytotoxic compound of the methylpyridine class from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. KORDI-3238. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 59(4):234–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanoh K, Matsuo Y, Adachi K, Imagawa H, Nishizawa M, Shizuri Y (2005) Mechercharmycins A and B, cytotoxic substances from marine-derived Thermoactinomyces sp. YM3-251. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 58(4):289–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiszkiel I, Starczewska B, Karpińska J (2012) New extraction procedures for isolation of famotidine from aqueous samples. Int J Environ Anal Chem 92(6):714–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kock I, Maskey RP, Biabani MAF, Helmke E, Laatsch H (2005) 1-Hydroxy-1-norresistomycin and resistoflavin methyl ether: new antibiotics from marine-derived streptomycetes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 58(8):530–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubinyi H (1998) Structure-based design of enzyme inhibitors and receptor ligands. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 1(1):4–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon HC, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2006) Marinomycins A-D, antitumor-antibiotics of a new structure class from a marine actinomycete of the recently discovered genus “Marinispora”. J Am Chem Soc 128(5):1622–1632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li F, Maskey RP, Qin S, Sattler I, Fiebig HH, Maier A, Zeeck A, Laatsch H (2005) Chinikomycins A and B: isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of novel antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces sp. isolate M045. J Nat Prod 68(3):349–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Zhu T, Li D, Gu J, Xia W, Fang Y, Liu H, Zhu W, Gu Q (2007) Two indolocarbazole alkaloids with apoptosis activity from a marine-derived actinomycete Z 2 039-2. Arch Pharm Res 30(3):270–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macherla VR, Liu J, Bellows C, Teisan S, Nicholson B, Lam KS, Potts BCM (2005) Glaciapyrroles A, B, and C, pyrrolosesquiterpenes from a Streptomyces sp. isolated from an Alaskan marine sediment. J Nat Prod 68(5):780–783

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maskey RP, Helmke E, Kayser O, Fiebig HH, Maier A, Busche A, Laatsch H (2004) Anti-cancer and antibacterial trioxacarcins with high anti-malaria activity from a marine Streptomycete and their absolute stereochemistry. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 57(12):771–779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maskey RP, Helmke E, Laatsch H (2003) Himalomycin A and B: isolation and structure elucidation of new fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 56(11):942–949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng X-Y, Zhang H-X, Mezei M, Cui M (2011) Molecular docking: a powerful approach for structure-based drug discovery. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 7(2):146–157

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meskanen K, Ekelund H, Laitinen J, Neuvonen PJ, Haukka J, Panula P, Ekelund J (2013) A randomized clinical trial of histamine 2 receptor antagonism in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 33(4):472–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell SS, Nicholson B, Teisan S, Lam KS, Potts BCM (2004) Aureoverticillactam, a novel 22-atom macrocyclic lactam from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces aureoverticillatus. J Nat Prod 67(8):1400–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nematollahi A, Gayan GS, Jayawickrama G, Church WB (2016) Kynurenine aminotransferase isozyme inhibitors: a review. Int J Mol Sci 17:946

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer CL, Cotton L, Henley JM (2005) The molecular pharmacology and cell biology of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Pharmacol Rev 57(2):253–277

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passera E, Campanini B, Rossi F, Casazza V, Rizzi M, Pellicciari R, Mozzarelli A (2011) Human kynurenine aminotransferase II—reactivity with substrates and inhibitors. FEBS J 278(11):1882–1900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian H, Howard R, Tao C, Danilo A, Tagle JL (2009) Biochemical and structural properties of mouse kynurenine aminotransferase III. Mol Cell Biol 1(1):784–793

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinti L, Dayalan Naidu S, Träger U, Chen X, Kegel-Gleason K, Llères D, Connolly C, Chopra V, Low C, Moniot S, Sapp E, Tousley AR, Vodicka P, Van Kanegan MJ, Kaltenbach LS, Crawford LA, Fuszard M, Higgins M, Miller JRC, Farmer RE et al (2017) KEAP1-modifying small molecule reveals muted NRF2 signaling responses in neural stem cells from Huntington’s disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(23):E4676–E4685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner MK, Shen YC, Cheng XC, Jensen PR, Frankmoelle W, Kauffman CA, Fenical W, Lobkovsky E, Clardy J (1999) Cyclomarins A–C, new antiinflammatory cyclic peptides produced by a marine bacterium (Streptomyces sp.). J Am Chem Soc 121(49):11273–11276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rissdörfer M, Venugopala KN, Nayak SK, Badea FD (2014) Physicochemical, crystallography and DFT calculations on biologically active dihydropyrimidine analogues. UPB Sci Bull Ser B Chem Mater Sci 76(3):75–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero F, Espliego F, Pérez Baz J, García de Quesada T, Grávalos D, de la Calle F, Fernández-Puentes JL (1997) Thiocoraline, a new depsipeptide with antitumor activity produced by a marine Micromonospora. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 50(9):734–737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roncaglioni A, Piclin N, Pintore M, Benfenati E (2008) Binary classification models for endocrine disrupter effects mediated through the estrogen receptor. SAR QSAR Environ Res 19:697–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi F, Han Q, Li J, Li J, Rizzi M (2004) Crystal structure of human kynurenine aminotransferase I. J Biol Chem 279(48):50214–50220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi F, Valentina C, Garavaglia S, Sathyasaikumar KV, Schwarcz R, Kojima SI, Okuwaki K, Ono SI, Kajii Y, Rizzi M (2010) Crystal structure-based selective targeting of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate dependent enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase II for cognitive enhancement. J Med Chem 53(15):5684–5689

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrödinger LLC (2008) Glide, version 5.0. Schrödinger. LLC, New York. https://www.schrodinger.com/glide

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher RW, Talmage SC, Miller S, Sarris KE, Davidson BS, Goldberg A (2003) Isolation and structure determination of an antimicrobial ester from a marine sediment-derived bacterium. J Nat Prod 66(9):1291–1293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz R, Rassoulpour A, Wu HQ, Medoff D, Tamminga CA, Roberts RC (2001) Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50(7):521–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz R (2004) The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation as a drug target. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4(1):12–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiono Y, Shiono N, Seo S, Oka S, Yamazaki Y (2002) Effects of polyphenolic anthrone derivatives, resistomycin and hypericin, on apoptosis in human megakaryoblastic leukemia CMK-7 cell line. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforsch - Sect C J Biosci 57(9–10):923–929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solanki R, Khanna M, Lal R (2008) Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Indian J Microbiol 48:410–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trotta A, Iyegbe C, Forti M, Di Sham PC, Campbell DD, Cherny SS, Mondelli V, Aitchison KJ, Murray RM, Vassos E, Fisher HL (2016) Interplay between schizophrenia polygenic risk score and childhood adversity in first-presentation psychotic disorder: a pilot study. PLoS One 11(9):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2013) Information sheet—premature death among people with severe mental disorders. http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/info_sheet.pdf

  • WHO (2018) Schizophrenia: fact sheets. 9 April 2018. http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia

  • Williams PG, Asolkar RN, Kondratyuk T, Pezzuto JM, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2007) Saliniketals A and B, bicyclic polyketides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora arenicola. J Nat Prod 70(1):83–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu P, Li L, Zhang D, Tagle A, Cai T (2006) Characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase III, a novel member of a phylogenetically conserved KAT family. Gene 365(1):111–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the University Informatics Centre (UIC), High Performance Computing Facility (HPC) and Bharathidasan University, India, DST-PURSE (Grant No. SR/FT/LS-113/2009), for providing the Schrödinger software access. One of the authors, Muthukumar Krishnan, wishes to thank the Department of Science and Technology, Science Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB), New Delhi, India for awarding the National Postdoctoral fellowship (PDF/2017/002213) and the Director, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli – 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India.

Funding

The study was supported by the Bharathidasan University, India, DST-PURSE (Grant No. SR/FT/LS-113/2009). H.-U. Dahms was supported by a grant from the Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Taiwan (R-1053011).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Dhinesh Kumar Thiyagarajamoorthy and Charli Deepak Arulanandam contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India

    Dhinesh Kumar Thiyagarajamoorthy, Santhosh Gokul Murugaiah, Muthukumar Krishnan & Arthur James Rathinam

  2. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, KMU- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, Republic Of China

    Charli Deepak Arulanandam & Hans-Uwe Dahms

  3. Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, KMU- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, Republic Of China

    Charli Deepak Arulanandam

  4. Research Center for Environmental Medicine, KMU- Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, Republic Of China

    Hans-Uwe Dahms

  5. Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic Of China

    Hans-Uwe Dahms

Authors
  1. Dhinesh Kumar Thiyagarajamoorthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Charli Deepak Arulanandam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hans-Uwe Dahms
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Santhosh Gokul Murugaiah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muthukumar Krishnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Arthur James Rathinam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hans-Uwe Dahms or Arthur James Rathinam.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Human and Animal Rights

No animals/humans were used for this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Fig S1

Crystal Structure of Human Kynurenine Aminotransferase I in the complex with Indole-3-acetic Acid (PDB ID-3FVU). Snapshot taken by using NGL 3D viewer. (PNG 1695 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 365 kb)

Fig S2

Molecular structures of chemicals. (a) IAC, (b) famotidine and (c) bonactin. ChemDraw was used to draw the chemical structures, available from http://scistore.cambridgesoft.com/. (PNG 180 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIF 17 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Thiyagarajamoorthy, D.K., Arulanandam, C.D., Dahms, HU. et al. Marine Bacterial Compounds Evaluated by In Silico Studies as Antipsychotic Drugs Against Schizophrenia. Mar Biotechnol 20, 639–653 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-018-9835-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-018-9835-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation