Abstract
In recent decades, the construction of large hydropower plants in the Brazilian Amazon has increased and has put the livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLC) at risk. The Belo Monte dam has been operating since 2015, causing the dewatering, i.e., partial diversion of Xingu River flow, of the “Volta Grande” region, where the Arara da Volta Grande do Xingu Indigenous Land is located. The objectives of the study were to (1) understand the biocultural connections between the Arara Indigenous People and the Xingu River before the dam’s operation; (2) analyze hydrological alterations in the dewatered stretch and describe the implications for the floodplain forest; and (3) elucidate how these changes affect the Arara and the Volta Grande social-ecological system. We utilized document analysis, semi-structured interviews, hydrological analysis based on the environmental flow concept, and a biocultural approach that considers the interconnectedness of human and natural systems. Results show a significant decrease in flow magnitude, higher frequency of reversing cycles of wetting and drying, increased uncertainty of the Xingu River’s dynamics, and degrading effects in the floodplain forest. Arara’s perceptions have shown the effects of their biocultural connection with Xingu River, such as the hindrance of traditional activities like fishing. Results emphasize the depreciation of the Volta Grande social-ecological system’s resilience, the necessity of developing participatory environmental flow recommendations, adopting an adaptive management approach, and the need to involve IPLC in decision-making. In addition, there is an urgent need to reconsider the current hydropower agenda in the Amazon.
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Data Availability
The datasets and outputs of the hydrological analyses are publicly available in the hydroshare repository http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/924ad15a08f64b798c6d81c488b238e7.
Notes
Strong El Niño (ENSO warm phase) cause less precipitation and strong La Niña (ENSO cold phase) cause higher precipitation (Marengo and Espinoza 2016)
Any reference to Indigenous Arara in this study is related to the inhabitants of the Arara da Volta Grande do Xingu Indigenous Land.
HidroWEB platform: https://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb. Accessed 10 January 2022
Data from NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Cold & Warm Episodes by season): https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of Florida International University (FIU) and thank the Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center, the Program of Excellence in Brazilian Studies and the Tropical Rivers Lab for hosting RU at FIU. We acknowledge the research projects, and respective leaders, that facilitated authors’ collaboration: “Global Importance of Amazon Freshwater systems” led by Dr. Elizabeth Anderson (Grant #GBMF10612, Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation) and “After Hydropower Dams: Social and environmental processes that occur after the construction of Belo Monte, Jirau, and Santo Antonio in Brazilian Amazonia” (SPEC/FAPESP - 2019/17113-9) led by Dr. Emilio Moran. We also appreciate the suggestions from Sharmin Siddiqui and Igor Johansen. Finally, we acknowledge and thank all the Indigenous Arara from the Arara da Volta Grande do Xingu Indigenous Land, for their participation and support.
Funding
We thank the CAPES/PROEX program for funding field research, CAPES Internationalization program for funding RU’s exchange visitor period at FIU, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) PhD Grant (2020/07037-0) awarded to GL, and the post-doc Grant (#GBMF10612) awarded to CB.
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Utsunomiya, R., Beveridge, C., Lobo, G. et al. Dewatering the Xingu River: hydrological alterations and biocultural connections among the Arara Indigenous People in the Volta Grande region, Brazilian Amazon. Reg Environ Change 24, 85 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02230-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02230-7