Abstract
This study assessed changes in the snout, area, and mass of the largest glacier, Zemu, located in Sikkim Himalaya using earth observation data of 87 years from 1931 to 2018. GlabTop model was used to estimate the glacier thickness and potential lakes that could develop in the future. The study assumes importance since massive hydropower infrastructure is being set up without incorporating any knowledge about the retreating glaciers in the region. Between 1931 and 2018, the glacier lost 30.67% (± 2.87%) at a rate of 0.35% per year. The snout of the glacier retreated by ~ 797 m (± 19.7 m) between 1931 and 2018 at a rate of 9.1 m a−1. The rate of retreat increased to ~ 20 m a−1 very recently from 2014 to 2018. The geodetic mass balance estimates suggest that the glacier lost 6.78 Gt (± 2.05 Gt) of mass at a rate of 84.8 Mt a−1 between 1931 and 2012. The mass loss accelerated at 276.5 Mt a−1 between 2000 and 2012. The GlabTop results suggest a mean glacier thickness of 117 m and the formation of a potential future proglacial lake with an area, volume, and peak discharge capacity of 25.3 ha, 3.53 million m3, and 3522 m3s−1, respectively, by the end of this century.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to USGS for making the Landsat data freely available to users. The authors also express gratitude to Dr. Andreas Linsbauer, University of Zurich, for providing the GlabTop model. The suggestions from the two anonymous reviewers, Editor-in-Chief (Prof. Wolfgang Cramer), and Associate Editor (Prof. Juan I. Lopez Moreno) helped in improving the manuscript content and structure. The second author also acknowledges the support of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST, GoI) for INSPIRE fellowship (Grant Number: IF180682) for pursuing Ph.D.
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Rashid, I., Majeed, U. Retreat and geodetic mass changes of Zemu Glacier, Sikkim Himalaya, India, between 1931 and 2018. Reg Environ Change 20, 125 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01717-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01717-3