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Economics, environmental foot print and sustainability of community scale solar desalination plant in water scarce Somalia coastal regions

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A Correction to this article was published on 23 March 2024

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Abstract

Clean water supply in low-income countries can be improved by utilizing affordable renewable energy-powered desalination technologies. In this research work, viability of community scale solar desalination plant (at least 3.0 m3/d capacity) capable of addressing the daily fresh water demands of hundred families in twenty three coastal locations of Somalia has been investigated through year-round simulations. The required desalination plant size and investment is heavily dependent on solar radiation potential of the site. The potable water production cost ranges between 8.66 to 9.48 USD/m3, and is lower than the nonreliable conventional water supply cost in eighteen Somalia coastal locations. Moreover, the desalination plant can sooth at least 2.5 to 13.6-kilo tons of CO2 emission, 6.0 to 33.3-tons of SO2 emission and, 2.30 to 12.6-tons of NOX emission during its 5.0 to 25.0 years operation period. The sustainability index and finance payback time of community scale solar desalination plant is about 1.08, and 4.0 to 13.0 years, respectively. The economics and environmental foot print results indicate feasibility and potential application of community scale solar desalination plant in water starved Somalia coastal locations.

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Data availability

Data will be available on request.

Change history

Abbreviations

A bw :

Surface area of blackened water (m2)

A g :

Surface area of glass cover (m2)

A frp :

Surface area of fibre reinforced plastic basin (m2)

AP:

Acidification potential (kg SO2 eq./m3 of distillate)

AOMC:

Annual operation and maintenance cost (USD)

ASV:

Annual salvage value (USD)

ATC:

Annual feed water pre-treatment and condensate post-treatment cost (USD)

BC:

Black dye cost (USD)

CPV:

Cost per m3 of distillate (USD/m3)

DC:

Direct capital cost (USD)

EE overall :

Overall embodied energy of the desalination plant (kWh)

EP:

Eutrophication potential (g PO4 eq./m3 of distillate)

EPBT:

Energy payback time (Year)

F ( bw-g ) :

Shape Factor between blackened water surface and glass cover

FAC:

Fixed annualized cost (USD)

FPB:

Finance payback time (Year)

GWP:

Global warming potential (kg CO2 eq./m3 of distillate)

h ca :

Convective heat transfer coefficient between glass cover and ambient (W/m2K)

h c ( bw-g ) :

Convective heat transfer coefficient between blackened water and glass (W/m2K)

h fg :

Latent heat of evaporation (kJ/Kg)

HTP:

Human toxicity potential (g DCB eq./m3 of distillate)

I s :

Global solar radiation intensity over the horizontal surface (W/m2)

IR:

Interest rate (%)

IDC:

Indirect capital cost (USD)

K bw :

Thermal conductivity of blackened water (W/mK)

K frp :

Thermal conductivity of FRP basin (W/mK)

K ins :

Thermal conductivity of insulation (W/mK)

LC:

Labour cost (USD)

LT:

Life time (Year)

(mc p)bw :

Heat capacity of blackened water (J/K)

(mc p)g :

Heat capacity of glass cover (J/K)

(mc p)b :

Heat capacity of FRP Basin (J/K)

m d :

Annual average distillate productivity (L/m2d)

M Y :

Annual distillate yield of solar still (L)

NCES:

Net CO2 emission soothing potential (tons)

NNES:

Net NOX emission soothing potential (tons)

NSES:

Net SO2 emission soothing potential (tons)

NT:

Number of times of component replacement

PPD:

Distillate produced per USD invested (L/USD)

P:

Pressure of water (MPa)

P g :

Partial pressure of water vapour at glass cover temperature (Pa)

P bw :

Partial pressure of water vapour at blackened water temperature (Pa)

POCP:

Photochemical oxidation potential (g C2H4 eq./m3 of distillate)

Q cd ( bw-b ) :

Conduction heat transfer from blackened water to FRP basin (W)

Q c ( bw-g ) :

Convective heat transfer from blackened water to glass cover (W)

Q e ( bw-g ) :

Evaporative heat transfer from blackened water to glass cover (W)

Q r ( bw-g ) :

Radiative heat transfer from blackened water to glass cover (W)

Q cd ( b-a ) :

Conduction heat transfer from basin to the ambient (W)

Q c ( g-a ) :

Convective heat transfer from glass cover to the ambient (W)

RCF:

Replacement cost factor (%)

S bw :

Salinity of feed water (g/kg)

SI:

Sustainability index

T a :

Ambient temperature (°C)

TAC:

Total annualized cost (USD)

T b :

Temperature of FRP basin (°C)

T bw :

Temperature of blackened water (°C)

TCC:

Total capital cost (USD)

TCF:

Treatment cost factor (%)

T g :

Temperature of Glass cover (°C)

t bw :

Thickness of blackened water in FRP basin (m)

t frp :

Thickness of FRP sheet used in basin (m)

t ins :

Thickness of insulation (m)

T s :

Temperature of the sun (°C)

UC:

Useful material cost (USD)

V :

Wind Velocity (m/s)

α bw :

Absorptivity of blackened water

α g :

Absorptivity of glass cover

σ bw :

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m2K4)

\(\rho_{d}\) :

Density of the condensate (kg/m3)

τ g :

Transmissivity of glass cover

ε bw :

Emissivity of blackened water

ε g :

Emissivity of glass cover

\(\eta_{ex}\) :

Exergy Efficiency (%)

\(\eta_{Th}\) :

Energy Efficiency (%)

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Funding

Sharon Hilarydoss acknowledges the “Start-Up Research Grant” funding from the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (Grant No.: SRG/2023/000017) and Institute Research Grant (IRG) funding from the Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Visakhapatnam, India (Grant No.: IIPE/DORD/IRG/027).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Conversion and Utilization (ECU) Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE) Visakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Sharon Hilarydoss

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE) Visakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Kavalla Nishant & Subrat Kumar Nahak

Authors
  1. Sharon Hilarydoss
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  2. Kavalla Nishant
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  3. Subrat Kumar Nahak
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Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology were done by Sharon Hilarydoss; Formal analysis was done by Sharon Hilarydoss, Kavalla Nishant, Subrat Kumar Nahak; Investigation was by Sharon Hilarydoss; Kavalla Nishant, Subrat Kumar Nahak; Manuscript preparation, reviewing and editing were done by Sharon Hilarydoss.

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Correspondence to Sharon Hilarydoss.

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The original online version of this article was revised: Missing equations from 26 to 31 are included.

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Hilarydoss, S., Nishant, K. & Nahak, S.K. Economics, environmental foot print and sustainability of community scale solar desalination plant in water scarce Somalia coastal regions. Clean Techn Environ Policy (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02741-1

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