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Improved physical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of chitosan composite scaffolds incorporated with a green filler on bone cells

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Abstract

Scaffolds to facilitate three-dimensional bone ingrowth have been widely researched for bone regeneration. Fish scale can serve as a green filler for the reinforcement of chitosan scaffolds as it contains type I collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAp) which will promote osteoblastic functions. In the current study, chitosan scaffolds were incorporated with fish scale at a weight percent (wt%) range of 12–20. The composite scaffolds with interconnected pore and porosity of 26–142 μm and 58.2–76.1%, respectively, exhibited an improved compressive modulus ranging from 0.905 to 1.1 MPa. The improved mechanical property of chitosan–fish scale (C–FS) scaffolds was also coupled with reduced degradation rates of 9.3–14.3%. Fluorescence microscopic observation showed that the cell adhesion was peaked on the C–FS scaffold with 18 wt% of fish scale at the density of 1.05 ± 0.39 cells/mm2. Subsequently, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the cell proliferation on C–FS scaffolds was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control cells. Furthermore, the early differentiation of MG63 measured using alkaline phosphatase assay revealed the highest peak at 14-day culture on the scaffolds. These findings clearly signified the potential incorporation of fish scale at 18 wt% into chitosan scaffolds for reinforcement purpose by promoting the highest osteoblastic adhesion, proliferation and early differentiation.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to acknowledge University of Nottingham Malaysia for the financial and infrastructural supports.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Siew Shee Lim, Kit Wayne Chew, Jing Ying Yap, May Teng Lim, Derwin Su & Lai Yee Lee

  2. School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Chye Jian Oon & Kit Wayne Chew

  3. School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Hwei-San Loh

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  1. Siew Shee Lim
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  2. Chye Jian Oon
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Correspondence to Siew Shee Lim or Hwei-San Loh.

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Lim, S.S., Oon, C.J., Chew, K.W. et al. Improved physical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of chitosan composite scaffolds incorporated with a green filler on bone cells. Clean Techn Environ Policy 22, 701–712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01815-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01815-0

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