Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative evaluation of fermented ginseng on alleviating antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Food Science and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) was a common side effect of antibiotics, and fermented ginseng exhibited potential in treating AAD. In this study, the effects of fermented red, white, and black ginseng on AAD were investigated, with a focus on intestinal flora and inflammation. Clindamycin was used to induce AAD in mice, which caused severe diarrhea and weight loss. However, treatment with fermented ginseng effectively alleviated diarrhea, and reduced inflammation in colonic serosal tissue, thereby mitigating antibiotic-induced intestinal tissue damage. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that clindamycin disrupted the Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio (P < 0.001), which was reversed by fermented ginseng treatment. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after clindamycin treatment but returned to normal levels following fermented ginseng treatment. In conclusion, fermented red, white, or black ginseng (at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg) exhibited efficacy against AAD in mice, reinstating gut flora balance and easing inflammation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bartlett GJ. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The New England Journal of Medicine. 346: 334-339 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bi Y, Li Q, Tao W, Tang J, You G, Yu L. Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rh1 prevent liver injury induced by acetaminophen in mice. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 45: e13816 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwish IA, Alqarni MA, Wani TA. Novel microwell assay with high throughput and minimum consumption for organic solvents in the charge transfer-based spectrophotometric determination of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. Chemistry Central Journal. 7: 172 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Liu J, Ji Q, Zhao Y, Zang P, He Z, Zhu H, Zhang L. Anti-tumor activity and related mechanism study of Bacillus Polymyxa transformed Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Process Biochemistry. 72: 198-208 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He M, Huang X, Liu S, Guo C, Xie Y, Meijer AH, Wang M. The difference between white and red ginseng: Variations in ginsenosides and immunomodulation. Planta Medica. 84: 845-854 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera G, Paredes-Sabja D, Patarroyo MA, Ramírez JD, Muñoz M. Updating changes in human gut microbial communities associated with Clostridioides difficile infection. Gut Microbes. 13: 1966277 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 11: 1813-1834 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jandhyala SM, Talukdar R, Subramanyam C, Vuyyuru H, Sasikala M, Nageshwar Reddy D. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21: 8787-803 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jang WY, Hwang JY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng as key modulators of NF-κB signaling are powerful anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24: 6119 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim AJ. Physiological activities of 9 cycle steaming and drying black ginseng using makgeolli. Food Science and Biotechnology. 24: 1867-1873 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SM.Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ginsenosides Rg5, Rz1, and Rk1: inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS transcriptional expression. Phytotherapy Research. 28: 1893-1896 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KS, Shin WG, Jang MK, Kim HS, Kim HS, Park CJ, Lee JY, Kim KH, Park JY, Lee JH, Kim HY, Cho SJ, Yoo JY. Who are susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis among patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 49: 1552-1558 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari G, Gessner DK, Neuhaus K, Most E, Zorn H, Eder K, Ringseis R. Influence of a biotechnologically produced oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) on the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in obese zucker rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 69: 1524-1535 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mounsey A, Smith KL, Reddy VC, Nickolich S. Clostridioides difficile infection: Update on management. American Family Physician. 101: 168-175 (2020).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pace F, Watnick PI. The interplay of sex steroids, the immune response, and the intestinal microbiota. Trends in Microbiology. 29: 849-859 (2021).

  • Pagnini C, Saeed R, Bamias G, Arseneau KO, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Probiotics promote gut health through stimulation of epithelial innate immunity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107: 454-459 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qu Q, Yang F, Zhao C, Liu X, Yang P, Li Z, Han L, Shi X. Effects of fermented ginseng on the gut microbiota and immunity of rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 267: 113594 (2021).

  • Shao H, Zhang C, Xiao N, Tan Z. Gut microbiota characteristics in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. BMC Microbiology. 20: 313 (2020).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song JH, Kim KJ, Chei S, Seo YJ, Lee K, Lee BY. Korean Red Ginseng and Korean black ginseng extracts, JP5 and BG1, prevent hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation induced by environmental heat stress. Journal of Ginseng Research. 44: 267-273 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wietmarschen HA, Busch M, Van Oostveen A, Pot G, Jong MC. Probiotics use for antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a pragmatic participatory evaluation in nursing homes. BMC Gastroenterology . 20: 151 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Franz G. The role of the European pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) in quality control of traditional chinese herbal medicine in European member states. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1: 5-15 (2015).

  • Wang CZ, Anderson S, Du W, He TC, Yuan CS. Red ginseng and cancer treatment. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 14: 7-16 (2016).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Chen L, Chen S, Chen H, Liu Y. Microbial biotransformation of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) by Aspergillus niger and effects on antioxidant activity. Food Science & Nutrition. 9: 855-865 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Wang C, Abdullah, Tian W, Qiu Z, Song M, Cao Y, Xiao J. Hydroxytyrosol alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by modulating inflammatory responses, intestinal barrier, and microbiome. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 70: 2241-2252 (2022).

  • Wen Z, Tian H, Liang Y, Guo Y, Deng M, Liu G, Li Y, Liu D, Sun B. Moringa oleifera polysaccharide regulates colonic microbiota and immune repertoire in C57BL/6 mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 198: 135-146 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wexler HM. Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20: 593-621 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yao M, Fei Y, Zhang S, Qiu B, Zhu L, Li F, Berglund B, Xiao H, Li L. Gut microbiota composition in relation to the metabolism of oral administrated resveratrol. Nutrients. 14: 1013 (2022).

  • Zhao L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Qiao H, Wang Y, Ren J, Zhao J. Gut microbiota diversity of hospitalized older adult patients with and without antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 35:1541-1555 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Luan X, Dou D, Huang L. Comparative nalysis of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in white ginseng (WG), red ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG). Journal of Chromatographic Science. 57: 403-410 (2019).

Download references

Funding

The research reported in this publication was supported by the key R&D project of Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department (20210204179YY).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Qiuyang Li and Pei Yin have contributed equally to this work and shared the first authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China

    Qiuyang Li, Pei Yin, Heyu Wang, Lei Yu, Shengnan Liu, Shixin Song, Boyu Xiong & Yunfeng Bi

  2. Jilin Medical University, Changchun, 132013, China

    Lina Wang

Authors
  1. Qiuyang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pei Yin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Heyu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lei Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shengnan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shixin Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Boyu Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yunfeng Bi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Lina Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

QL and YB: designed the study. QL: drafted the manuscript. PY: participated in part of the manuscript writing, revised the manuscript, and was responsible for submission and follow-up, and QM: participated in the experiment. HW, SS, BX, LY and YB: guide experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yunfeng Bi or Lina Wang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Q., Yin, P., Wang, H. et al. Comparative evaluation of fermented ginseng on alleviating antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-024-01538-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-024-01538-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation