We are grateful to Slouma and associates for mirroring our thought processes in the letter [1] in response to our review on reactive arthritis (ReA) before and after COVID-19 [2].

They have reiterated the need to differentiate infective viral arthritis from post-viral reactive arthritis. The initial concept of ReA was that it was a para-infectious arthritis due to an autoimmune phenomenon without direct invasion of the infectious agents into the synovium. However, the demonstration of Chlamydial elementary bodies [3] or bacterial DNA [4] in joints of “ReA” has blurred this distinction. The time period between the infection and the onset of arthritis may be important, but in post-streptococcal reactive arthritis, this gap is very small [5]. Even in the case of COVID-19, this time gap is not known and our review included all cases labelled as the authors by post-COVID ReA to demonstrate how variable the interpretation could be. Ultimately, the immunopathogenesis of post-COVID ReA must be understood to be able to differentiate it from acute viral arthritis [6].

Slouma and associates are correct that certain drugs may precipitate or unmask rheumatic symptoms. However, if they check Table 1 in the review, they will see that most patients have received only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and oral, parenteral or intra-articular steroids [2]. Also, in most of the case reports, the respective authors have specified how they have excluded other diagnoses before making a diagnosis of post-COVID ReA.

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvant (ASIA) can be considered a differential diagnosis for post-vaccination ReA. Most of the post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena will meet the criteria for ASIA [11]. However, there are some controversies raised about this entity [12] and the mere swapping of names will not leave anyone the wiser.

This letter has helped bring out the message from our review. The various controversies related to ReA diagnosis are summarized in Table 1. Whether the concept of post-COVID ReA should be treated as a separate entity needs to be explored. Large online surveys of treating physicians and multi-national cohort studies of reactive arthritis are required to analyse the concept of viral arthritis and post-COVID-19 joint involvement during the pandemic. This should be a clarion call to clinicians and rheumatology societies worldwide to get together to update and craft better classification criteria enabling better understanding of this enigmatic entity.

Table 1 Current controversies related to the diagnosis or classification of reactive arthritis
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