Abstract
Building the forest fire prevention road in mountainous areas is an effective means to prevent forest fire from spreading wantonly. Nevertheless, adverse influences are that the construction of these roads has destroyed the inherent stability of the original slope, resulting a large number of unstable slopes appear in the catchment, which could trigger human-generated landslides and debris flows. On June 17, 2022, a landslide-generated debris flow occurred in the Longjiagou catchment, Mianning County, Sichuan Province. The initial landslide that induced this debris flow is one of the unstable slopes on the forest fire prevention road. After the debris flow event, we conducted a detailed on-site investigation of the Longjiagou catchment. Many unstable slopes have been found near the road, and the width of cracks at the rear edge of some unstable slopes has exceeded 10 cm. This is already a very dangerous precursor signal for landslides or debris flow. And several soil samples were collected in the catchment to test the hydraulic conductivity and particle size distribution of soil at different locations. Combined with multi-source data, we comprehensively analyzed the cause and mechanism of the disaster. The dynamic process modeling framework of earth-surfaced flow—Massflow—was adopted to simulate the dynamic process of the debris flow to support the quantitative analysis of this disaster. The results show that the simulation results are basically consistent with the actual situation. Based on field reconnaissance and numerical simulation, the mechanism of debris flow is comprehensively analyzed, which can provide important insights and guidance for the prediction and prevention of such debris flow disasters.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
An HC, Ouyang CJ, Wang DP (2021) A new two-phase flow model based on coupling of the depth-integrated continuum method and discrete element method. Comput Geosci 146:12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104640
An HC, Ouyang CJ, Wang FL, Xu QS, Wang DP, Yang WB, Fan TZ (2022) Comprehensive analysis and numerical simulation of a large debris flow in the Meilong catchment, China. Engineering Geology 298:13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106546
Carey JM, Cosgrove B, Norton K, Massey CI, Petley DN, Lyndsell B (2021) Debris flow-slide initiation mechanisms in fill slopes, Wellington, New Zealand. Landslides 18:2061–2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01624-6
Collins TK (2007) Debris flows caused by failure of fill slopes: early detection, warning, and loss prevention. Landslides 5:107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0107-y
Fan L, Lehmann P, McArdell B, Or D (2017) Linking rainfall-induced landslides with debris flows runout patterns towards catchment scale hazard assessment. Geomorphology 280:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.007
Horton AJ, Hales TC, Ouyang CJ, Fan XM (2019) Identifying post-earthquake debris flow hazard using Massflow. Eng Geol 258:10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.05.011
Hu W, Li Y, Xu Q, Huang R, McSaveney M, Wang G, Fan Y, Wasowski J, Zheng Y (2022) Flowslide high fluidity induced by shear-thinning. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 127:e2022JB024615. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024615
Iverson, Richard M (1997) The physics of debris flows. Rev Geophys 35:245–296. https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG00426
Jalaludin B, Johnston F, Vardoulakis S, & Morgan G (2020) Reflections on the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian bushfires. The Innovation, 1. https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/pdf/S2666-6758(20)30010-2.pdf.
Lei MY, Cui YF, Ni JJ, Zhang GT, Li Y, Wang H, Liu DZ, Yi SJ, Jin W, Zhou LQ (2022) Temporal evolution of the hydromechanical properties of soil-root systems in a forest fire in China. Sci Total Environ 809:13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151165
Li K, Zheng F, Cheng L, Zhang T, & Zhu J (2023) Record-breaking global temperature and crises with strong El Niño in 2023–2024. The Innovation Geoscience, 1, 100030-100031-100030-100032. http://www.the-innovation.org/data/article/geoscience/preview/pdf/XINNGEOSCIENCE-2023-0041.pdf.
Liang DF, Falconer RA, Lin B (2006) Comparison between TVD-MacCormack and ADI-type solvers of the shallow water equations. Adv Water Resour 29:1833–1845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.01.005
Liang DF, Wang XL, Falconer RA, Bockelmann-Evans BN (2010) Solving the depth-integrated solute transport equation with a TVD-MacCormack scheme. Environ Model Softw 25:1619–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.06.008
Liu W, He S (2020) Comprehensive modelling of runoff-generated debris flow from formation to propagation in a catchment. Landslides 17:1529–1544
Liu W, Yang Z, He S (2020) Modeling the landslide-generated debris flow from formation to propagation and run-out by considering the effect of vegetation. Landslides 18:43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01478-4
Liu Z, He H, Xu W, Liang Y, Zhu J, Wang GG, Wei W, Wang Z, Han Y (2023) The impact and mitigation strategies of forest fire carbon emissions. J Chin Acad Sci 38:1552–1560. https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20230823001
Lopez-Martin M, Gonzalez-Vila FJ, Knicker H (2018) Distribution of black carbon and black nitrogen in physical soil fractions from soils seven years after an intense forest fire and their role as C sink. Sci Total Environ 637–638:1187–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.084
Nie YP, Li XZ, Zhou W, Xu RC (2021) Dynamic hazard assessment of group-occurring debris flows based on a coupled model. Nat Hazards 106:2635–2661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04558-3
Nishiguchi, Y. & Uchida, T. 2022. Long‐runout‐landslide‐induced debris flow: the role of fine sediment deposition processes in debris flow propagation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006452.
Ouyang CJ, He SM, Xu Q, Luo Y, Zhang WC (2013) A MacCormack-TVD finite difference method to simulate the mass flow in mountainous terrain with variable computational domain. Comput Geosci 52:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.08.024
Ouyang CJ, He SM, Tang CA (2015a) Numerical analysis of dynamics of debris flow over erodible beds in Wenchuan earthquake-induced area. Eng Geol 194:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.012
Ouyang CJ, He SM, Xu Q (2015b) MacCormack-TVD finite difference solution for dam break hydraulics over erodible sediment beds. J Hydraul Eng 141:9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000986
Ouyang CJ, Xiang W, An HC, Wang FL, Yang WB, Fan JY (2023) Mechanistic analysis and numerical simulation of the 2021 post-fire debris flow in Xiangjiao catchment, China. J Geophys Res: Earth Surf 128:e2022JF006846. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006846
Peng JB, Fan ZJ, Wu D, Zhuang JQ, Dai FC, Chen WW, Zhao C (2015) Heavy rainfall triggered loess-mudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China. Eng Geol 186:79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.08.015
Rodriguez Trejo DA (2008) Fire regimes, fire ecology, and fire management in Mexico. Ambio 37:548–556. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-37.7.548
Savage SB, Hutter K (1989) The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. J Fluid Mech 199:177–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112089000340
Stephens SL, Agee JK, Fule PZ, North MP, Romme WH, Swetnam TW, Turner MG (2013) Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342:41–42. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240294
Sun T, Sun DY, Wang XK, Ma Q, Gourbesville P, Nohara D (2022) Numerical analysis of landslide-generated debris flow on July 3, 2021 in Izu Mountain area, Shizuoka County, Japan. J Mt Sci 19:1738–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7309-6
Tarolli, P. & Zhao, W. 2023. Drought in agriculture: preservation, adaptation, migration. Innov Geosci, 100002–100001. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2023.100002.
Wang W, Chen GQ, Han Z, Zhou SH, Zhang H, Jing PD (2016) 3D numerical simulation of debris-flow motion using SPH method incorporating non-Newtonian fluid behavior. Nat Hazards 81:1981–1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2171-x
Wang F, Harindintwali JD, Wei K, Shan Y, Mi Z, Costello MJ, Grunwald S, Feng Z, Wang F, Guo Y, Wu X, Kumar P, Kästner M, Feng X, Kang S, Liu Z, Fu Y, Zhao W, Ouyang C, Shen J, Wang H, Chang SX, Evans DL, Wang R, Zhu C, Xiang L, Rinklebe J, Du M, Huang L, Bai Z, Li S, Lal R, Elsner M, Wigneron JP, Florindo F, Jiang X, Shaheen SM, Zhong X, Bol R, Vasques GM, Li X, Pfautsch S, Wang M, He X, Agathokleous E, Du H, Yan H, Kengara FO, Brahushi F, Long XE, Pereira P, Ok YS, Rillig MC, Jeppesen E, Barceló D, Yan X, Jiao N, Han B, Schäffer A, Chen JM, Zhu Y, Cheng H, Amelung W, Spötl C, Zhu J, Tiedje JM (2023) Climate change: strategies for mitigation and adaptation. Innov Geosci, 100015. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2023.100015.
Zhou GGD, Li S, Song DR, Choi CE, Chen XQ (2019) Depositional mechanisms and morphology of debris flow: physical modelling. Landslides 16:315–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1095-9
Funding
This research is funded by the NSFC (Grant Nos. 42022054, 41925030), the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No. XDA23090303), the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant Nos. 2022YFS0543, 2022YFG0140), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association (Grant No. Y201970).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiang, W., Ouyang, C., An, H. et al. Mechanism analysis and dynamic simulation of landslide-generated debris flow influenced by forest fire prevention road. Bull Eng Geol Environ 83, 72 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03567-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-024-03567-3