Abstract
Since rock joint surfaces are not universally exposed in engineering practice, these surfaces usually cannot be easily obtained or observed. However, it is more convenient to obtain a part of these joints by drilling rock cores through them, and the diameter of the normal rock cores (75 mm or 100 mm) is close to the length of typical profiles (100 mm) given by Barton (1973). This study investigates a part of a joint splitting a rock core and the roughness of the exposed round surface. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) methods are used to study the anisotropy of roughness at different shear conditions as well as the predicted shear strength, and a comparison between 2D and 3D methods is explored. Results confirm that shear directions affect both the 2D and 3D roughness parameters and hence shear strength with a similar variation trend according to rose diagrams. However, the rose diagram obtained by the 2D method shows central symmetry due to the central symmetry of the roughness parameter, while the diagram given by the 3D method is not. Moreover, the shear strength predicted by the 3D method is normally higher than that by the 2D JRC method at any shear direction. In addition, the weighing factor of surface roughness in evaluating the shear strength is also discussed. According to the theoretical model analysis, the study shows a potential application of rock cores in evaluating roughness, hence the shear strength of an engineering-scale joint.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abellán A, Oppikofer T, Jaboyedoff M, Rosser NJ, Lim M, Lato MJ (2014) Terrestrial laser scanning of rock slope instabilities. Earth Surf Process Landf 39:80–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3493
Al-Fahmi MM, Ozkaya SI, Cartwright JA (2021) FracRough—Computer program to calculate fracture roughness from reservoir rock core. Appl Comput Geosci 9:100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acags.2020.100045
Ban L, Zhu C, Qi C, Tao Z (2019) New roughness parameters for 3D roughness of rock joints. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:4505–4517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1394-3
Barton CC, La Pointe PR (1995) Fractals in the Earth Sciences, 1st edn. Springer US : Imprint: Springer, New York, NY
Barton N (1973) Review of a new shear-strength criterion for rock joints. Eng Geol 7:287–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(73)90013-6
Barton N, Choubey V (1977) The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mech 10:1–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01261801
Belem T, Homand-Etienne F, Souley M (2000) Quantitative parameters for rock joint surface roughness. Rock MechRock Eng 33:217–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030070001
Boyde A (1973) Quantitative photogrammetric analysis and qualitative stereoscopic analysis of SEM images. J Microsc 98:452–471
Fan W, Cao P (2020) A new 3D JRC calculation method of rock joint based on laboratory-scale morphology testing and its application in shear strength analysis. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79:345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01569-0
Fekete S, Diederichs M, Lato M (2010) Geotechnical and operational applications for 3-dimensional laser scanning in drill and blast tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 25:614–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.04.008
Ferrero AM, Forlani G, Roncella R, Voyat HI (2009) Advanced geostructural survey methods applied to rock mass characterization. Rock Mech Rock Eng 42:631–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0010-4
Ferrero AM, Giani GP (1990) Geostatistical description of the joint surface roughness. In: The 31st U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Gloden, Colorado, June 1990. ARMA-90-0463
Fonstad MA, Dietrich JT, Courville BC, Jensen JL, Carbonneau PE (2013) Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement. Earth Surf Process Landf 38:421–430. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3366
Ge Y, Kulatilake PHSW, Tang H, Xiong C (2014) Investigation of natural rock joint roughness. Comput Geotech 55:290–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.015
Gentier S, Lamontagne E, Archambault G, Riss J (1997) Anisotropy of flow in a fracture undergoing shear and its relationship to the direction of shearing and injection pressure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 34:94.e1–94.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(97)00085-3
Gorthi SS, Rastogi P (2010) Fringe projection techniques: Whither we are? Opt Lasers Eng 48:133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.09.001
Grasselli G (2006) Manuel Rocha Medal recipient shear strength of rock joints based on quantified surface description. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39:295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0100-0
Grasselli G, Egger P (2000) 3D surface characterization for the prediction of the shear strength of rough joints. Paper presented at the Eurock 2000. Wittke: Aachen, Germany
Grasselli G, Egger P (2003) Constitutive law for the shear strength of rock joints based on three-dimensional surface parameters. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 40:25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00101-6
Grasselli G, Wirth J, Egger P (2002) Quantitative three-dimensional description of a rough surface and parameter evolution with shearing. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 39:789–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00070-9
Hoek E, Bray J (2014) Rock slope engineering, 3rd edn. CRC Press, London
Huang SL, Oelfke SM, Speck RC (1992) Applicability of fractal characterization and modelling to rock joint profiles. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstracts 29:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)92120-2
Indraratna B, Thirukumaran S, Brown ET, Premadasa W, Gale W (2014) A technique for three-dimensional characterisation of asperity deformation on the surface of sheared rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 70:483–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.022
Jang H-S, Kang S-S, Jang B-A (2014) Determination of joint roughness coefficients using roughness parameters. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:2061–2073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0535-z
Kim DH, Gratchev I, Hein M, Balasubramaniam A (2016) The application of normal stress reduction function in tilt tests for different block shapes. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3041–3054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0989-x
Kim DH, Poropat GV, Gratchev I, Balasubramaniam A (2015) Improvement of photogrammetric JRC data distributions based on parabolic error models. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 80:19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.007
Kumari WGP, Ranjith PG, Perera MSA, Chen BK, Abdulagatov IM (2017) Temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour of Australian Strathbogie granite with different cooling treatments. Eng Geol 229:31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.012
Lebiedzik J (1979) An automatic topographical surface reconstruction in the SEM. Scanning 2:230–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/sca.4950020405
Li Y, Zhang Y (2015) Quantitative estimation of joint roughness coefficient using statistical parameters. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 77:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.03.016
Meng F, Wong LNY, Zhou H, Wang Z (2018) Comparative study on dynamic shear behavior and failure mechanism of two types of granite joint. Eng Geol 245:356–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.09.005
Mo P, Li Y (2019) Estimating the three-dimensional joint roughness coefficient value of rock fractures. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:857–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1150-0
Myers NO (1962) Characteristics of surface roughness. Wear 5:182–189
Patton FD (1966) Multiple modes of shear failure in rock. In: 1st ISRM Congress, p 509–513
Phillips T et al (2021) A systematic investigation into the control of roughness on the flow properties of 3D-printed fractures. Water Resour Res 57. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028671
Samuels JM, Hoover MR, Tarhay L, Johnson GG, McKinstry HA, White EW (1974) Quantitative SEM and raster profilometer analysis of fracture surfaces. In: Bradt RC, Hasselman DPH, Lange FF (eds) Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2991-6_22
Sayles RS, Thomas TR (1977) The spatial representation of surface roughness by means of the structure function: A practical alternative to correlation. Wear 42:263–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(77)90057-6
Sturzenegger M, Stead D (2009) Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts. Eng Geol 106:163–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.03.004
Tang H, Ge Y, Wang L, Yuan Y, Huang L, Sun M (2012) Study on estimation method of rock mass discontinuity shear strength based on three-dimensional laser scanning and image technique. J Earth Sci 23:908–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-012-0301-2
Tang ZC, Huang RQ, Liu QS, Wong LNY (2016a) Effect of contact state on the shear behavior of artificial rock joint. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:761–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0776-z
Tang ZC, Jiao YY, Wong LNY, Wang XC (2016b) Choosing appropriate parameters for developing empirical shear strength criterion of rock joint: review and new insights. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:4479–4490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1014-0
Tang ZC, Wong LNY (2016) Influences of normal loading rate and shear velocity on the shear behavior of artificial rock joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:2165–2172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0822-y
Tatone BSA, Grasselli G (2010) A new 2D discontinuity roughness parameter and its correlation with JRC. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:1391–1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.06.006
Tse R, Cruden DM (1979) Estimating joint roughness coefficients. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstracts 16:303–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(79)90241-9
Wang C, Wang L, Karakus M (2019) A new spectral analysis method for determining the joint roughness coefficient of rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 113:72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.11.009
Wong LNY, Meng F, Zhou H, Yu J, Cheng G (2021) Influence of the choice of reference planes on the determination of 2d and 3d joint roughness parameters. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54:4393–4406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02521-z
Xie H, Pariseau WG (1994) Fractal estimation method of rock joint roughness coefficient (JRC). Science in China (Series B) 24(5):524–530
Xie H (1995) Effects of fractal crack. Theor Appl Fract Mech 23:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8442(95)00025-A
Xie H, Sun H, Ju Y, Feng Z (2001) Study on generation of rock fracture surfaces by using fractal interpolation. Int J Solids Struct 38:5765–5787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00390-5
Yang Z-Y, Taghichian A, Li W-C (2010) Effect of asperity order on the shear response of three-dimensional joints by focusing on damage area. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:1012–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.05.008
Yang ZY, Di CC, Yen KC (2001a) The effect of asperity order on the roughness of rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38:745–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00032-6
Yang ZY, Lo SC, Di CC (2001b) Reassessing the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) estimation using Z2. Rock Mech Rock Eng 34:243–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030170012
Yeo IW, de Freitas MH, Zimmerman RW (1998) Effect of shear displacement on the aperture and permeability of a rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 35:1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00165-X
Yong R, Ye J, Li B, Du S-G (2018a) Determining the maximum sampling interval in rock joint roughness measurements using Fourier series. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 101:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.008
Yong R, Ye J, Qi-Feng L, Huang M, Shi-Gui D (2018b) Estimation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) of rock joints by vector similarity measures. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:735–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0947-6
Yu X, Vayssade B (1991) Joint profiles and their roughness parameters. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstracts 28:333–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)90598-G
Zhang G, Karakus M, Tang H, Ge Y, Jiang Q (2017) Estimation of joint roughness coefficient from three-dimensional discontinuity surface. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:2535–2546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1264-5
Zheng B, Qi S (2016) A new index to describe joint roughness coefficient (JRC) under cyclic shear. Eng Geol 212:72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.017
Zuo C, Feng S, Huang L, Tao T, Yin W, Chen Q (2018) Phase shifting algorithms for fringe projection profilometry: A review. Opt Lasers Eng 109:23–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.04.019
Acknowledgements
The experimental data presented in this paper is obtained from the lab tests conducted by the authors at Monash University, Monash Suzhou Research Institute, and Southeast University. The authors are also grateful for the inspiring discussion with Prof. Jian Zhao and other group members at Monash University. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41831281, 52104121) and the State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology/China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing (SKLGDUEK2115).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zou, C., Li, J., Wu, Y. et al. 2D and 3D evaluation of joint roughness exposed by rock cores. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82, 316 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03325-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03325-x