Abstract
The Deep Mixing Method, which involves the formation of in situ stabilized peat columns, is suitable for deep peat stabilization, whereas the mass stabilization technique is used to stabilize the soil of shallow peat deposits instead of the costly and problematic removal and replacement method. The concept of soil-cement stabilization involves the addition of water to cement, resulting in a chemical process known as cement hydration. Stabilization of peat by cement, which requires a significant strength increase in the cement-stabilized peat or organic soil, is attributed largely to physicochemical reactions that include cement hydration, hardening of the resulting cement paste and interactions between soil substances and primary and secondary cementation hydration products. The factors that affect these physicochemical reactions and the interactions of peat soil-cementation products that influence peat stabilization are the amount of solid particles, the water: soil ratio, the quantity of binder, the presence of humic and/or fulvic acids, the soil pH and the amount of organic matter in the peat. With the Air Curing Technique, stabilized peat samples for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were kept at a normal air temperature of 30 ± 2 °C and strengthened by gradual moisture content reduction instead of the usual water-curing technique or water submersion methods that have been common practice in past experiments involving the stabilization of peat with cement. The principle of using the Air Curing Technique to strengthen stabilized peat is that peat soil at its natural moisture content contains sufficient water (water content from 198 to 417 %) that, when mixed with cement, a curing process takes place that causes the stabilized peat soil to gradually lose its moisture content and to become drier and harder throughout the curing period. This process does not require the addition of water.
Résumé
Méthode de mixage profond (DMM), ce qui implique la formation de colonnes in-situ stabilisées tourbe, est approprié pour la stabilisation de la tourbe profonde, alors que la technique de stabilisation de masse est utilisé pour stabiliser le sol de dépôts de tourbe peu profonds au lieu de l' enlèvement et le remplacement coûteux et problématique Procédé. La notion de stabilisation sol-ciment implique l'addition d'eau à du ciment, ce qui entraîne un processus chimique connu sous l'hydratation du ciment. La stabilisation de la tourbe par du ciment, ce qui nécessite une augmentation de la résistance significative de la tourbe stabilisée au ciment ou du sol organique, est attribuée en grande partie à des réactions physico-chimiques qui comprennent l'hydratation du ciment, le durcissement de la pâte de ciment obtenue et les interactions entre les substances du sol et de l'hydratation de la cimentation primaire et secondaire produits. Les facteurs qui influent sur ces réactions physico-chimiques et les interactions des produits de tourbe du sol cimentation qui influencent la tourbe stabilisation sont la quantité de particules solides, le rapport eau du sol, la quantité de liant, la présence d'acides humiques et / ou des acides fulviques, le sol le pH et la quantité de matière organique dans la tourbe. Avec l' Air Durcissement Technique, stabilisé échantillons de tourbe pour les tests UCS ont été maintenus à une température de l'air normal de 30 ± 2 º C et renforcé par la réduction progressive de la teneur en humidité au lieu de la technique de watercuring habituel ou méthodes submersion d'eau qui ont été de pratique courante dans les expériences antérieures concernant la stabilisation de la tourbe avec du ciment. Le principe de l'utilisation de la technique de durcissement à l'air à renforcer stabilisé tourbe est que la tourbe sol à sa teneur naturelle en eau contient suffisamment d'eau (teneur en eau de 198 % à 417 % ) qui, lorsqu'il est mélangé avec le ciment, un procédé de durcissement a lieu qui provoque l' stabilisée tourbe sol à perdre progressivement son taux d'humidité et de devenir plus sèche et plus dure pendant toute la période de durcissement. Ce procédé ne nécessite pas l'addition d'eau.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahnberg H, Johansson SE, Retelius A, Ljungkrantz C, Holmqvist L, Holm G (1995) Cement and lime for deep stabilization of soil (In Swedish). 48th Report of Swedish Geotechnical Institute
Alwi A (2008) Ground improvement of Malaysian peat soils using stabilized peat-column techniques. Ph.D thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 260
Axelsson K, Johansson SE, Andersson R (2002) Stabilization of organic soils by cement and puzzolanic reactions. Feasibility study. Linkoping (Sweden): 3rd report of Swedish deep stabilization research centre. English translation 51
Bergado DT, Anderson LR, Miura N, Balasubramaniam AS (1996) Soft ground improvement in lowlands and other environments, 1st edn. ASCE Press, New York
Chen H, Wang Q (2006) The behaviour of organic matter in the process of soft soil stabilization using cement. Eng Geol Environ Bull 65(4):445–448
Deboucha S, Hashim R, Alwi A (2008) Engineering properties of stabilised tropical peat soils. Electron J Geotech Eng 13(D):1–9
D.I.D (2001) Water management guidelines for agricultural development in lowland peat swamps of Sarawak—manual. Drainage and Irrigation Department of Sarawak, Malaysia
Duraisamy Y, Huat BBK, Aziz AA (2007) Compressibility behaviour of tropical peat reinforced with cement columns. Am J Appl Sci 4(10):786–791
Edil TB (2003) Recent advances in geotechnical characterization and construction over peats and organic soils. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference in Soft Soil Engineering and Technology, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Elbadri HA (1998) The effect of pozzolans in the stabilization of sulphide tailings. Master thesis. McGill University, Montreal (Canada)
EuroSoilStab (2002) Development of design and construction methods to stabilize soft organic soils: design guide soft soil stabilization. CT97-0351. Project no. BE 96-3177, industrial and materials technologies programme (Brite- EuRam III), European Commission
Fagerlund G (1994) Struktur och strukturutveckling. Kap. 10 i Betonghandbok. Material, Svensk Byggtjänst och Cementa AB, Stockholm
Hashim R, Islam MS (2008) Bearing capacity of stabilised tropical peat by deep mixing method. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 3(2):682–688
Hebib S, Farrel ER (2003) Some experiences on the stabilization of Irish peats. Can Geotech J 40:107–120
Huat BBK (2004) Organic and peat soils engineering. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia 146
Huttunen E, Kujala K (1996) On the stabilization of organic soils. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ground Improvement Geosystems, IS-Tokyo 96, Tokyo, Japan, vol 1, pp 411–414
Ismail MA, Joer HA, Randolph MF, Meritt A (2002) Cementation of porous materials using calcite. Geotechnique 52(5):313–324
Jacobson J, Filz GM (2002) Factors affecting strength gain in lime-cement columns and development of a laboratory testing procedure. Master of Science thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 83
Janz M, Johansson SE (2002) The function of different binding agents in deep stabilization. Linkoping (Sweden): 9th Report of Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre
Kalantari B, Huat BBK (2008) Peat soil stabilization, using ordinary portland cement, polypropylene fibers, and air curing technique. Electron J Geotech Eng 13:1–13
Kazemian S, Huat BBK, Prasad A, Barghchi M (2011) A state of art review of peat: geotechnical engineering perspective. Int J Phys Sci 6(8):1974–1981
Kezdi A (1979) Stabilized earth roads, 1st edn. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest
Larsson S (2003) Mixing processes for ground improvement by deep mixing. Linkoping (Sweden): 3rd Report of Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre
Muttalib A, Lim JS, Wong MH, Koonvai L (1991) Characterization, distribution, and utilization of peat in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, ed. Aminuddid, Kuching, Sarawak, 7–16
Paramananthan S (1998) Malaysian soil taxonomy-second approximation. A proposal for the classification of Malaysian soils. Published jointly by Malaysian Society for Soil Science and Param Agricultural Soil Surveys (M) Sdn. Bhd. October 1998, Serdang, Malaysia
Paramananthan S (2010) Keys to the identification of Malaysian soils according to parent materials (Mimeo). Param Agricultural Soil Surveys (M) Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Tremblay H, Duchesne J, Locat J, Leroueil S (2002) Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement. Can Geotech J 39(3):535–546
Wong LS (2010) Stabilization of peat by by chemical binders and siliceous sand. PhD thesis. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). p 260
Wong LS, Hashim R, Ali F (2009) Unconfined compressive strength of cemented peat. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 3(4):3850–3856
Wong LS, Hashim R, Ali F (2011) Unconfined compressive strength characteristics of stabilized peat. Sci Res Essays 6(9):1915–1921
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers who contributed constructive comments that enabled us to improve this manuscript considerably. The authors also acknowledge the IPPP grant RG257-13AFR for financial support from the University of Malaya.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zulkifley, M.T.M., Ng, T.F., Raj, J.K. et al. A review of the stabilization of tropical lowland peats. Bull Eng Geol Environ 73, 733–746 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0549-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0549-5