Abstract
Virtual environments (VEs) can be infinitely large, but movement of the virtual reality (VR) user is constrained by the surrounding real environment. Teleporting has become a popular locomotion interface to allow complete exploration of the VE. To teleport, the user selects the intended position (and sometimes orientation) before being instantly transported to that location. However, locomotion interfaces such as teleporting can cause disorientation. This experiment explored whether practice and feedback when using the teleporting interface can reduce disorientation. VR headset owners participated remotely. On each trial of a triangle completion task, the participant traveled along two path legs through a VE before attempting to point to the path origin. Travel was completed with one of two teleporting interfaces that differed in the availability of rotational self-motion cues. Participants in the feedback condition received feedback about their pointing accuracy. For both teleporting interfaces tested, feedback caused significant improvement in pointing performance, and practice alone caused only marginal improvement. These results suggest that disorientation in VR can be reduced through feedback-based training.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available on the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/hgf6p/.
Notes
A constant value of 0.4 was added to all error values prior to log transformation (Ekwaru and Veugelers 2018), as this minimized skewness.
References
Barhorst-Cates EM, Stefanucci JK, Creem-Regehr SH (2020) A comparison of virtual locomotion methods in movement experts and non-experts: testing the contributions of body-based and visual translation for spatial updating. Exp Brain Res 238(9):1911–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05851-6
Bhandari J, MacNeilage P, Folmer E (2018) Teleportation without spatial disorientation using optical flow cues. In: Proc. Graphics Interface. Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society, Mississauga, Ontario, pp 162–167, https://doi.org/10.20380/GI2018.22
Bowman DA, Koller D, Hodges LF (1997) Travel in immersive virtual environments: an evaluation of viewpoint motion control techniques. In: Proc. Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, D.C., pp 45–52, https://doi.org/10.1109/VRAIS.1997.583043
Bozgeyikli E, Raij A, Katkoori S, et al (2016) Point and teleport locomotion technique for virtual reality. In: Proc. Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. ACM, New York, pp 205–216, https://doi.org/10.1145/2967934.2968105
Chance SS, Gaunet F, Beall AC et al (1998) Locomotion mode affects the updating of objects encountered during travel: The contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence: Teleoper Virtual Environ 7:168–178. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474698565659
Chen X, McNamara TP, Kelly JW et al (2017) Cue combination in human spatial navigation. Cogn Psychol 95:105–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.04.003
Cherep LA, Kelly JW, Miller AJ, et al (2021) Individual differences in teleporting through virtual environments. J Exp Psychol: Appl https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b6cyd
Cherep LA, Lim AF, Kelly JW et al (2020) Spatial cognitive implications of teleporting through virtual environments. J Exp Psychol: Appl 26(3):480–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000263
Christou CG, Aristidou P (2017) Steering versus teleport locomotion for head mounted displays. In: Paolis LD, Bourdot P, Mongelli A (eds) Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics, lecture notes in computer science, vol 10325. Springer-Verlag, London, pp 431–446, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60928-7_37
Ekwaru JP, Veugelers PJ (2018) The overlooked importance of constants added in log transformation of independent variables with zero values: a proposed approach for determining an optimal constant. Stat Biopharm Res 10(1):26–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19466315.2017.1369900
Freitag S, Rausch D, Kuhlen T (2014) Reorientation in virtual environments using interactive portals. In: 2014 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), pp 119–122, https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2014.6798852
Habgood MPJ, Moore D, Wilson D, et al (2018) Rapid, continuous movement between nodes as an accessible virtual reality locomotion technique. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp 371–378, https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2018.8446130
Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of nasa-tlx (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock PA, Meshkati N (eds) Human Mental Workload, Advances in Psychology, vol 52. North-Holland, pp 139–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9
Kearns MJ, Warren WH, Duchon AP et al (2002) Path integration from optic flow and body senses in a homing task. Perception 31:349–374. https://doi.org/10.1068/p3311
Kelly JW, Cherep LA, Lim AF, et al (2021) Who are virtual reality headset owners? a survey and comparison of headset owners and non-owners. In: 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp 687–694, https://doi.org/10.1109/VR50410.2021.00095
Kelly JW, Gilbert SB (2021) The effectiveness of locomotion interfaces depends on self-motion cues, environmental cues, and the individual. In: 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp 391–392, https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW52623.2021.00082
Kelly JW, Ostrander AG, Lim AF et al (2020) Teleporting through virtual environments: effects of path scale and environment scale on spatial updating. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 26(5):1841–1850. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.2973051
Kelly JW, Doty TA, Cherep LA et al (2022a) Boundaries reduce disorientation in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.882526
Kelly JW, Hoover M, Doty TA et al (2022b) Remote research on locomotion interfaces for virtual reality: replication of a lab-based study on teleporting interfaces. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 28:2037–2046. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3150475
Klatzky RL, Loomis JM, Beall AC et al (1998) Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psychol Sci 9:293–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00058
Kourtesis P, Collina S, Doumas LAA et al (2019) Validation of the virtual reality neuroscience questionnaire: maximum duration of immersive virtual reality sessions without the presence of pertinent adverse symptomatology. Front Human Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00417
Langbehn E, Lubos P, Steincke F (2018) Evaluation of locomotion techniques for roomscale vr: Joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking. In: Proc. Virtual Reality International Conference. ACM, New York, pp 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1145/3234253.3234291
Lim AF, Kelly JW, Sepich NC, et al (2020) Rotational self-motion cues improve spatial learning when teleporting in virtual environments. In: Symposium on Spatial User Interaction. ACM, New York, SUI ’20, https://doi.org/10.1145/3385959.3418443
Liu J, Parekh H, Al-Zayer M, et al (2018) Increasing walking in vr using redirected teleportation. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, UIST ’18, pp 521–529, https://doi.org/10.1145/3242587.3242601
Mackrous I, Simoneau M (2015) Improving spatial updating accuracy in absence of external feedback. Neuroscience 300:155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.024
Moghadam KR, Banigan C, Ragan ED (2018) Scene transitions and teleportation in virtual reality and the implications for spatial awareness and sickness. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2018.2884468
Nielsen (2018) Nielsen games 360 u.s. report
Osborne JW, Costello A (2008) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis. Best practices in quantitative methods p 596. http://books.google.com/books?id=M5_FCgCuwFgC &printsec=frontcover &dq=intitle:best+practices+in+exploratory+factor+analysis &hl= &cd=1 &source=gbs_apipapers2://publication/uuid/9F9EB473-6C2B-4E47-83A3-FD9BF64B15BC
Peck TC, Sockol LE, Hancock SM (2020) Mind the gap: the underrepresentation of female participants and authors in virtual reality research. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 26(5):1945–1954. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.2973498
Philbeck JW, Sargent J (2013) Perception of spatial relations during self-motion. In: Waller D, Nadel L (eds) Handbook of spatial cognition. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/13936-006
Photiou M, Galati A, Avraamides M (2021) Spatial updating and domain expertise: the case of dancers. In: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Spatial Cognition. Springer, Heidelberg
Popov AG, Paquet N, Lajoie Y (2013) Influence of gymnastic background on triangle completion performance in single and dual-task conditions. Open Sports Sci J. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01306010015
Riecke BE, Veen HAHCv, Bülthoff HH (2002) Visual homing is possible without landmarks: a path integration study in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoper Virtual Environ 11(5):443–473. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474602320935810
Sayyad E, Sra M, Höllerer T (2020) Walking and teleportation in wide-area virtual reality experiences. In: 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp 608–617, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR50242.2020.00088
Sjolund LA, Kelly JW, McNamara TP (2018) Optimal combination of environmental cues and path integration during navigation. Memory Cogn 46(1):89–99. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0747-7
Slater M (2003) A note on presence terminology. Presence Connect 3(3):1–5
Wang RF (2016) Building a cognitive map by assembling multiple path integration systems. Psychon Bull Rev 23(3):692–702. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0952-y
Weissker T, Kunert A, Fröhlich B, et al (2018) Spatial updating and simulator sickness during steering and jumping in immersive virtual environments. In: Proc. IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3d User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, Washington, D.C., pp 97–104, https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2018.8446620
Wiener JM, Mallot HA (2006) Path complexity does not impair visual path integration. Spat Cogn Comput 6(4):333–346. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427633scc0604_3
Wraga M, Creem-Regehr SH, Proffitt DR (2004) Spatial updating of virtual displays. Memory Cogn 32(3):399–415. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195834
Funding
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number CHS-1816029.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Iowa State University institutional review board, and informed consent was given by all participants.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Supplementary information
Supplemental figures are available on the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/hgf6p/.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kelly, J.W., Powell, N., Hoover, M. et al. Teleporting through virtual environments: benefits of navigational feedback and practice. Virtual Reality 27, 1315–1326 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00737-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00737-0