Abstract
Aquitards are an important part of multi-layer aquifer systems. The hydraulic properties of each aquitard are significant to the management of the groundwater resources in an aquifer system. Specific storage is one of the fundamental hydraulic properties, which indicates the aquitard’s capacity to release water from storage, or take water into storage, when the hydraulic head changes. However, there is a limited number of studies that systematically summarize the methods used to estimate aquitard specific storage and present the representative specific storage values of different types of aquitard materials. This review synthesizes the existing methods published in the literature used to estimate the specific storage of aquitards. Specific storage data from 99 aquitards were collected, covering 11 types of aquitard material, including both unconsolidated deposits and rocks. The specific storage values of unconsolidated deposits mostly lie in the range 10–7–10–2 m–1, while those of rocks lie in the range 10–8–10–4 m–1. The corresponding range of hydraulic conductivity values is larger than that of specific storage. A positive correlation was found between specific storage and porosity. A positive relationship also exists between specific storage and hydraulic conductivity. The relationship between specific storage and aquitard thickness is not obvious. Specific storage of aquitards is found to decrease with depth. Different methods to estimate specific storage are compared and future research directions are recommended. The findings of this study will help achieve a better understanding of the specific storage of different aquitard materials.
Résumé
Les aquitards sont une partie importante des systèmes aquifères multicouches. Les propriétés hydrauliques de chaque aquitard sont importantes pour la gestion des ressources en eau souterraine dans un système aquifère. L’emmagasinement spécifique est l’une des propriétés hydrauliques fondamentales, qui indique la capacité de l’aquitard à déstocker ou à stocker de l’eau lorsque la charge hydraulique change. Cependant, il existe un nombre limité d’études qui résument systématiquement les méthodes utilisées pour estimer l’emmagasinement spécifique des aquitards et qui présentent les valeurs d’emmagasinement spécifique représentatives de différents types de matériaux aquitards. Cette revue synthétise les méthodes existantes publiées dans la littérature et utilisées pour estimer l’emmagasinement spécifique des aquitards. Les données d’emmagasinement spécifique de 99 aquitards ont été collectées, couvrant 11 types de matériaux aquitards, y compris des dépôts non consolidés et des roches. Les valeurs d’emmagasinement spécifique des dépôts non consolidés se situent principalement dans la plage 10–7–10–2 m–1, tandis que celles des roches se situent dans la plage 10–8–10–4 m–1. La plage correspondante des valeurs de conductivité hydraulique est plus grande que celle de l’emmagasinement spécifique. Une corrélation positive a été établie entre l’emmagasinement spécifique et la porosité. Il existe également une relation positive entre l’emmagasinement spécifique et la conductivité hydraulique. La relation entre l’emmagasinement spécifique et l’épaisseur de l’aquitard est non évidente. On constate que l’emmagasinement spécifique des aquitards diminue avec la profondeur. Les différentes méthodes d’estimation de l’emmagasinement spécifique sont comparées et des pistes de recherche futures sont recommandées. Les résultats de cette étude permettront de mieux comprendre l’emmagasinement spécifique de différents matériaux aquitards.
Resumen
Los acuitardos son una parte importante de los sistemas acuíferos multicapa. Las propiedades hidráulicas de cada acuitardo son fundamentales para la gestión de los recursos hídricos subterráneos de un sistema acuífero. El almacenamiento específico es una de las propiedades hidráulicas fundamentales, que indica la capacidad del acuitardo para liberar agua del almacenamiento, o tomar agua para almacenarla, cuando cambia la altura hidráulica. Sin embargo, existe un número limitado de estudios que resumen sistemáticamente los métodos utilizados para estimar el almacenamiento específico del acuitardo y presentan los valores representativos de los diferentes tipos de materiales del acuitardo. Esta revisión sintetiza los métodos existentes publicados en la literatura utilizados para estimar el almacenamiento específico de los acuitardos. Se recogieron datos de almacenamiento específico de 99 acuitardos, que cubrían 11 tipos de materiales de acuitardo, incluyendo tanto depósitos no consolidados como rocas. Los valores de almacenamiento específico de los depósitos no consolidados se sitúan mayoritariamente en el intervalo 10–7–10–2 m–1, mientras que los de las rocas se sitúan en el intervalo 10–8–10–4 m–1. El intervalo correspondiente de los valores de conductividad hidráulica es mayor que el del almacenamiento específico. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el almacenamiento específico y la porosidad. También existe una relación positiva entre el almacenamiento específico y la conductividad hidráulica. La relación entre el almacenamiento específico y el espesor del acuitardo no es evidente. El almacenamiento específico de los acuitardos disminuye con la profundidad. Se comparan diferentes métodos para la estimación del almacenamiento específico y se recomiendan futuras líneas de investigación. Los resultados de este estudio ayudarán a comprender mejor el almacenamiento específico de diferentes materiales de acuitardo.
摘要
弱透水层是多层含水层系统中的重要组成部分。每个弱透水层的水力特性对含水层系统的地下水资源管理具有重要意义。贮水率是一种基本的水力特性,它表示弱透水层在水头变化时释放或吸收水的能力。然而,对于系统总结用于估算弱透水层贮水率的方法并给出不同类型弱透水层材料的代表性贮水率值的研究有限。本综述综合了已发表的文献中用于估算弱透水层贮水率的现有方法。收集了99个弱透水层的贮水率数据,涵盖了11种弱透水层介质,包括非固结沉积物和岩石。非固结沉积物的贮水率值主要位于10–7–10–2 m–1的范围内,而岩石的贮水率值位于10–8–10–4 m–1的范围内。对应的渗透系数值的范围大于贮水率值的范围。贮水率和孔隙度之间存在正相关关系。贮水率和渗透系数之间也存在正相关关系。弱透水层厚度与贮水率之间的关系不明显。弱透水层的贮水率随深度减小。对比了不同的估算贮水率的方法,并提出了未来的研究方向。本研究的发现将有助于更好地理解不同弱透水层介质的贮水率特性。
Resumo
Os aquitardos são uma parte importante dos sistemas aquíferos multicamadas. As propriedades hidráulicas de cada aquitardo são importantes para a gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos em um sistema aquífero. O armazenamento específico é uma das propriedades hidráulicas fundamentais, que indica a capacidade do aquitardo de liberar água do armazenamento, ou levar água para o armazenamento, quando a carga hidráulica muda. No entanto, há um número limitado de estudos que resumem sistematicamente os métodos usados para estimar o armazenamento específico de aquitardos e apresentam os valores de armazenamento específico representativos de diferentes tipos de materiais de aquitardos. Esta revisão sintetiza os métodos existentes publicados na literatura usados para estimar o armazenamento específico de aquitardos. Dados específicos de armazenamento de 99 aquitardos foram coletados, abrangendo 11 tipos de material aquitardo, incluindo depósitos não consolidados e rochas. Os valores específicos de armazenamento de depósitos não consolidados situam-se principalmente na faixa de 10–7–10–2 m–1, enquanto os das rochas situam-se na faixa de 10–8–10–4 m–1. A faixa correspondente de valores de condutividade hidráulica é maior que a do armazenamento específico. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre armazenamento específico e porosidade. Também existe uma relação positiva entre o armazenamento específico e a condutividade hidráulica. A relação entre o armazenamento específico e a espessura do aquitardo não é óbvia. O armazenamento específico de aquitardos diminui com a profundidade. Diferentes métodos para estimar armazenamento específico são comparados e direções de pesquisas futuras são recomendadas. Os resultados deste estudo ajudarão a alcançar uma melhor compreensão do armazenamento específico de diferentes materiais aquitardos.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. All measurement data were collected from the literature and all sources have been cited in the References section.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 92047202 and 91747204) and High-level Special Funding of the Southern University of Science and Technology (grant Nos. G02296302, G02296402).
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Cai, Y., Yin, Y., Kuang, X. et al. Review: Specific storage in aquitards. Hydrogeol J 31, 1999–2019 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02706-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02706-6