Abstract
Aquifer characteristics provide important information for hydrogeological studies such as groundwater simulations and development of an effective water management strategy. This work shows how long-term and seasonal land deformations can help to understand an aquifer system in the absence of sufficient hydrogeological data. The land deformations over the Abhar aquifer in Iran were analyzed using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) spanning 2014–2019 and the Khorramdarreh GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) station data acquired during 2006–2020, in tandem with drilling logs and groundwater hydraulic head measurements, to identify which parts of the plain are composed of a confined aquifer system. The confined aquifer extent is mapped by independent component analysis (ICA) without prior conditions and then verified against hydrogeological observations. Besides the maximum long-term subsidence (up to 80 mm/year), the confined parts of the aquifer system also have the largest seasonal land deformation amplitude (up to 80 mm), which is typical of confined groundwater systems and not the case in unconfined aquifers. There is strong correlation between the seasonal heads and land deformations (R2 of 0.60–0.80) at five piezometer locations, which coincide with the determined confined aquifer. This study leveraged the InSAR technique to improve hydrogeological knowledge for aquifer characterization by discovering the confined portions of a complex groundwater system without requiring detailed hydrogeological observations or significant disruption of water use practices, making the technique convenient for developing countries and elsewhere where hydrogeological data are rarely available.
Résumé
Les caractéristiques des aquifères fournissent des informations importantes pour les études hydrogéologiques, telles que les simulations des eaux souterraines et le développement d’une stratégie efficace de gestion de l’eau. Ce travail montre comment les déformations des terrains à long terme et saisonnières peuvent aider à comprendre un système aquifère en l’absence de données hydrogéologiques suffisantes. Les déformations des terrains situées au-dessus de l’aquifère d’Abhar en Iran ont été analysées à l’aide d’un radar interférométrique à synthèse d’ouverture (InSAR) couvrant la période 2014–2019 et des données de la station GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) de Khorramdarreh acquises pendant la période 2006–2020, conjointement avec des diagraphies de forage et des mesures de la charge hydraulique des eaux souterraines, afin d’identifier les parties de la plaine qui sont composées d’un système aquifère captif. L’étendue de l’aquifère captif est cartographiée par analyse en composantes indépendantes (ICA) sans conditions préalables, puis vérifiée par rapport aux observations hydrogéologiques. Outre la subsidence maximale à long terme (jusqu’à 80 mm/an), les parties captives du système aquifère présentent également la plus grande amplitude de déformation saisonnière des terrains (jusqu’à 80 mm), ce qui est typique des systèmes d’eaux souterraines captives et ce qui n’est pas le cas dans les aquifères libres. Il existe une forte corrélation entre les charges hydrauliques saisonnières et les déformations des terrains (R2 de 0.60–0.80) pour cinq emplacements de piézomètre, qui coïncident avec l’aquifère captif déterminé. Cette étude s’est appuyée sur la technique InSAR pour améliorer les connaissances hydrogéologiques en vue de la caractérisation des aquifères, en découvrant les parties captives d’un système complexe d’eaux souterraines sans nécessiter d’observations hydrogéologiques détaillées ou de perturbations significatives des pratiques d’utilisation de l’eau, ce qui rend la technique pratique pour les pays en développement et ailleurs, où les données hydrogéologiques sont rarement disponibles.
Resumen
Las características de los acuíferos proporcionan información importante para los estudios hidrogeológicos, como las simulaciones de aguas subterráneas y el desarrollo de una estrategia de gestión del agua eficiente. Este trabajo muestra cómo las deformaciones del terreno a largo plazo y estacionales pueden ayudar a comprender un sistema acuífero en ausencia de datos hidrogeológicos suficientes. Las deformaciones del terreno sobre el acuífero de Abhar en Irán se analizaron utilizando el radar interferométrico de apertura sintética (InSAR) que abarca el período 2014–2019 y los datos de la estación GNSS (Sistema Global de Navegación por Satélite) de Khorramdarreh adquiridos durante 2006–2020, junto con los registros de perforación y las mediciones de la carga hidráulica de las aguas subterráneas, para identificar qué partes de la llanura están compuestas por un sistema acuífero confinado. La extensión del acuífero confinado se cartografía mediante análisis de componentes independientes (ICA) sin condiciones previas y se verifica a continuación con las observaciones hidrogeológicas. Además de la máxima subsidencia a largo plazo (hasta 80 mm/año), las partes confinadas del sistema acuífero también presentan la mayor amplitud de deformación estacional del terreno (hasta 80 mm), lo que es típico de los sistemas acuíferos confinados y no es el caso de los no confinados. Existe una fuerte correlación entre las cargas estacionales y las deformaciones del terreno (R2 de 0.60–0.80) en cinco localizaciones de piezómetros, que coinciden con el acuífero confinado determinado. Este estudio aprovechó la técnica InSAR para mejorar los conocimientos hidrogeológicos para la caracterización de acuíferos, descubriendo las partes confinadas de un sistema complejo de aguas subterráneas sin necesidad de observaciones hidrogeológicas detalladas ni de alterar significativamente las prácticas de uso del agua, lo que hace que la técnica sea conveniente para los países en desarrollo y otros lugares donde rara vez se dispone de datos hidrogeológicos.
摘要
含水层特性为水文地质研究提供重要信息,例如地下水模拟和有效水资源管理策略的制定。本研究展示了长期和季节性土地变形如何在缺乏足够水文地质数据的情况下帮助理解含水层系统。通过利用2014年至2019年间的干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)数据和2006年至2020年期间获取的Khorramdarreh全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)站点数据,以及钻孔记录和地下水水位测量数据,对伊朗的Abhar含水层进行了分析,以确定平原的哪些地区由承压含水层系统组成。承压含水层的范围由独立成分分析(ICA)进行了映射,无需事先条件,并通过水文地质观测进行了验证。除了最大的长期沉降(高达80 mm/year),含水层系统的承压区还具有最大的季节性土地变形幅度(高达80 mm),这在承压区地下水系统中是典型的,而潜水含水层中未发现。在五个压力计位置,季节性水头和土地变形之间存在着很强的相关性(R2为0.60–0.80),这与确定的承压含水层相吻合。本研究利用InSAR技术提升了对含水层特性的水文地质知识,通过发现复杂地下水系统的承压区,无需详细的水文地质观测或显著中断水资源使用实践,使这一技术对于发展中国家以及其他水文地质数据稀缺的地方非常方便。
Resumo
As características dos aquíferos fornecem informações importantes para estudos hidrogeológicos, como simulações de águas subterrâneas e desenvolvimento de uma estratégia eficaz de gestão de água. Este trabalho mostra como as deformações sazonais e de longo prazo podem ajudar a entender um sistema aquífero na ausência de dados hidrogeológicos suficientes. As deformações do terreno sobre o aquífero Abhar no Irã foram analisadas usando radar interferométrica de abertura sintética (InSAR) abrangendo 2014–2019 e os dados da estação Khorramdarreh GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) adquiridos durante 2006–2020, em conjunto com registros de perfuração e medições de carga hidráulica de águas subterrâneas, para identificar quais partes da planície são compostas por um sistema aquífero confinado. A extensão do aquífero confinado é mapeada por análise de componente independente (ACI) sem condições prévias e então verificada contra observações hidrogeológicas. Além da subsidência máxima de longo prazo (até 80 mm/ano), as partes confinadas do sistema aquífero também têm a maior amplitude de deformação sazonal do solo (até 80 mm), o que é típico de sistemas confinados de águas subterrâneas e não é o caso em aquíferos não confinados. Existe forte correlação entre as quedas sazonais e as deformações do terreno (R2 de 0.60–0.80) no local de cinco piezômetros, que coincidem com o aquífero confinado determinado. Este estudo aproveitou a técnica InSAR para melhorar o conhecimento hidrogeológico para a caracterização do aquífero, descobrindo as porções confinadas de um sistema complexo de águas subterrâneas sem exigir observações hidrogeológicas detalhadas ou interrupção significativa das práticas de uso da água, tornando a técnica conveniente para países em desenvolvimento e outros lugares onde os dados hidrogeológicos raramente são disponível.
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Data availability
Sentinel-1 datasets are publicly available and can be downloaded from https://asf.alaska.edu/.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Zanjan Regional Water Authority for providing hydrogeological data sets and the National Cartography Center of Iran for providing us with the daily GNSS station data.
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Sabeti, H., Pourmina, A., Rezaei, A. et al. Discovering confined zones and land deformation characteristics across an aquifer system in Iran using GNSS and InSAR techniques. Hydrogeol J 31, 2061–2076 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02704-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02704-8