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Inelastic and elastic storage properties and daily hydraulic head estimates from continuous global positioning system (GPS) measurements in northern Iran

Evaluation des propriétés de stockage inélastique et élastique et de la charge hydraulique journalière à partir des mesures en continu du système mondial de positionnement (GPS) dans le Nord de l’Iran

Propiedades de los almacenamientos inelásticos y elásticos y estimaciones de la carga hidráulica diaria a partir de mediciones del sistema de posicionamiento global continuo (GPS) en el norte de Irán

伊朗北部连续全球定位系统(GPS)测量估算非弹性和弹性释水系数及日水头值

پارامترهای ذخیره غیرالاستیک و الاستیک آبخوان و تخمین تراز هیدرولیکی روزانه با استفاده از تراز ارتفاعی زمین حاصل از سیستم مکانیابی جهانی (GPS) در شمال ایران

Propriedades inelásticas e elásticas de armazenamento e estimativas diárias da carga hidráulica a partir de medições por sistema de posicionamento global contínuo (GPS) no norte do Irã

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Abstract

This study uses land measurements from the continuous global positioning system (GPS) covering the Gorgan Plain in northern Iran, over the period 2006–2016. The measurements show long-term displacements of about 84 cm downward, 17 cm northward, and 26 cm eastward relative to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, and seasonal amplitudes of 25.19, 2.23, and 0.81 mm along vertical, north–south, and east–west directions, respectively, in the Gorgan confined-aquifer system (GCAS). Results indicate that the periodic signals in both vertical and horizontal displacements are consistent with seasonal head fluctuations in the GCAS, but the changes in horizontal components appear much later compared to the vertical component. The inelastic skeletal storativity is computed from GPS measurements to be as much as ~12 times greater than the elastic value. Moreover, the daily hydraulic heads reconstructed from well and GPS data jointly are consistent with head measurements from piezometers. Furthermore, the irreversible component of groundwater-storage (GWS) variations incorporated from dewatering of compacted aquitards (~0.62 m3/m2) is computed to be ~9.5 times greater than its recoverable component associated with aquifer units (0.0655 m3/m2). This study indicates that quantification of inelastic storativity and irreversible GWS in those aquifers of significant subsidence is essential for sustainable water resources management.

Résumé

La présente étude utilise des mesures de terrain provenant du système mondial de positionnement (GPS) continu couvrant la Plaine de Gorgan dans le Nord de l’Iran, sur la période 2006–2016. Les mesures montrent des déplacements de long terme d’environ 84 cm vers le bas, 17 cm vers le Nord et 26 cm vers l’Est selon le Cadre de Référence Terrestre International, et des amplitudes saisonnières de 25.19, 2.23, and 0.81 mm selon la verticale et les directions nord–sud, et est–ouest respectivement, dans le système aquifère captif de Gorgan (SACG). Les résultats indiquent que les signaux périodiques, tant pour les déplacements verticaux que pour les déplacements horizontaux, sont cohérents avec les fluctuations saisonnières de la charge hydraulique dans le SACG, mais que les variations apparaissent beaucoup plus tard dans la composante horizontale que dans la composante verticale. La capacité de stockage du squelette inélastique est. estimée d’après les mesures de GPS à environ 12 fois la valeur élastique. De plus, les charges hydrauliques journalières, reconstituées à partir des données de forage et de GPS conjointement, sont cohérentes avec les mesures de charge des piézomètres. En outre, la composante irréversible des variations du stockage des eaux souterraines (SES) résultant du dénoyage des aquitards compactés (~0.62 m3/m2) est. estimée à ~9.5 fois la composante récupérable associée aux unités aquifères (0.0655 m3/m2). Cette étude montre que la quantification de la capacité de stockage inélastique et du SES irréversible dans ces aquifères à subsidence importante est. essentielle à la gestion durable des ressources en eau.

Resumen

Este estudio utiliza mediciones terrestres durante el período 2006–2016 del sistema de posicionamiento global continuo (GPS) cubriendo la llanura de Gorgan en el norte de Irán. Las mediciones muestran desplazamientos a largo plazo de unos 84 cm hacia abajo, 17 cm hacia el norte y 26 cm hacia el este en relación con el Marco de Referencia Terrestre Internacional, y amplitudes estacionales de 25.19, 2.23 y 0.81 mm a lo largo de las direcciones vertical, norte–sur y este–oeste, respectivamente, en el sistema de acuíferos confinados de Gorgan (GCAS). Los resultados indican que las señales periódicas tanto en desplazamientos verticales como horizontales son consistentes con las fluctuaciones estacionales de la carga hidráulica en el GCAS, pero los cambios en las componentes horizontales aparecen mucho más tarde en comparación con la componente vertical. El almacenamiento esquelético inelástico se calcula a partir de mediciones GPS para que sea hasta ~12 veces mayor que el valor elástico. Además, las cargas hidráulicas diarias reconstruidas a partir de datos de pozos y GPS son consistentes con las mediciones de carga hidráulica de los piezómetros. Además, se calcula que la componente irreversible de las variaciones en el almacenamiento de agua subterránea (GWS) incorporadas por el drenaje de acuitardos compactados (~0.62 m3/m2) es ~9.5 veces mayor que su componente recuperable asociado con unidades acuíferas (0.0655 m3/m2). Este estudio indica que la cuantificación del almacenamiento inelástico y los GWS irreversibles en los acuíferos de subsidencia significativa es esencial para la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos.

摘要

本研究利用了伊朗北部Gorgan平原2006–2016年期间的连续全球定位系统(GPS)土地测量数据。测量数据显示, 相对于国际地面参考系统, Gorgan承压含水层系统(GCAS)长期位移大约向下偏移84 cm, 北移17 cm, 东移26 cm, 而且沿垂向、南北和东西方向的季节性振幅分别为25.19、2.23和0.81 mm。结果还表明垂向和水平位移的周期信号都与GCAS水头的季节性波动一致, 但水平分量的波动比垂向分量的波动晚得多。根据GPS测量结果计算出的非弹性骨架释水系数约是弹性值的约12倍。此外, 通过联合井和GPS数据重建的日水头值与测压计的测量结果是一致的。而且, 压实弱透水层排水产生的地下水储量(GWS)变化的不可逆部分(约0.62 m3/m2)比含水层单位面积的可恢复水量(0.0655 m3/m2)大约9.5倍。本研究表明, 在有明显沉降的含水层中非弹性释水系数和不可恢复的地下水储量的定量化对于水资源可持续管理十分重要。

چکیده

این مطالعه از دادههای تراز ارتفاعی زمین حاصل از سیستم مکانیابی جهانی (GPS) در دشت گرگان، شمال ایران، برای دوره 2006 تا 2016 استفاده کرده است. داده‌‌ها نشان می‌دهند که جابجایی بلند مدتی معادل cm 84 در جهت قائم رو به پایین، cm 17 به سمت شمال، و cm 26 به سمت شرق نسبت به فریم مبنای International Terrestrial رخ داده است. به علاوه، مولفه فصلی این جابجایی‌ها به ترتیب 25.19، 2.23، و 0.81 میلیمتر (mm) در راستای قائم، شمالی–جنوبی، و شرقی–غربی در سیستم آبخوان محبوس گرگان (GCAS) بدست آمد. نتایج حاکی از این است که سیگنال‌های پریودیک تراز زمین در هر دوی راستاهای قائم و افقی با نوسانات فصلی تراز هیدرولیکی آبخوان GCAS همخوانی دارند، اما تغییرات مولفههای افقی تراز زمین خیلی دیرتر از تغییرات مولفه قائم تراز زمین رخ می‌دهند. ضریب ذخیره اسکلتون غیرالاستیک آبخوان همچنین از دادههای GPS بدست آمد که بطور جالب توجه مقدار آن حدود 12 بار بزرگتر از مولفه الاستیک ضریب ذخیره اسکلتون است. همچنین، داده‌های تراز هیدرولیکی روزانه که از تلفیق داده‌های GPS و هیدروژئولوژیکی بدست آمد با دادههای مشاهداتی در محل پیزومترها همخوانی قابل قبولی دارند. در این پژوهش مولفه غیرقابل بازگشت تغییرات ذخیره آبخوان، که حاصل تحکیم آکیوتاردها است، نیز محاسبه شد (حدود 0.62 m3/m2) و مقدار آن حدود 9.5 برابر بزرگتر از مقدار مولفه قابل بازگشت تغییرات ذخیره آبخوان (0.0655 m3/m2) بدست آمد. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که تعیین مولفه غیرالاستیک ضریب ذخیره و مولفه غیرقابل بازگشت تغییرات ذخیره در آبخوان‌هایی که متحمل فرونشست چشمگیر شده‌اند، برای مدیریت بهینه و پایدار منابع آبی امری ضروری است.

Resumo

Este estudo utiliza medições de superfície do sistema de posicionamento global (GPS) contínuo que cobre a planície de Gorgan, no norte do Irã, no período 2006–2016. As medições mostram deslocamentos de longo prazo de cerca de 84 cm para baixo, 17 cm para norte e 26 cm para leste em relação ao Quadro de Referência Terrestre Internacional e amplitudes sazonais de 25.19, 2.23 e 0.81 mm ao longo das direções verticais, norte–sul e leste–oeste, respectivamente, no sistema de aquíferos confinados de Gorgan (SACG). Os resultados indicam que os sinais periódicos nos deslocamentos vertical e horizontal são consistentes com as flutuações sazonais da carga no SACG, mas as alterações nos componentes horizontais aparecem muito mais tarde em comparação com o componente vertical. A estocabilidade estrutural inelástica é calculada a partir de medições de GPS como aproximadamente 12 vezes maior que o valor elástico. Além disso, as cargas hidráulicas diárias recuperadas do poço e os dados do GPS em conjunto são consistentes com as medições das cargas dos piezômetros. Além disso, o componente irreversível das variações de armazenamento de águas subterrâneas (AAS) incorporado a partir da descarga de aquitardos compactados (~0.62 m3/m2) é calculado como ~ 9.5 vezes maior que seu componente recuperável associado a unidades de aquíferos (0.0655 m3/m2). Este estudo indica que a quantificação da estocabilidade inelástica e da AAS irreversível nos aquíferos de subsidência significativa é essencial para o gerenciamento sustentável dos recursos hídricos.

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Acknowledgements

We truly appreciate the Iran National Science Foundation, INSF (founding No. 96008728), for financial support. We also would like to express appreciation to the National Cartography Center of Iran, and the Golestan Regional Water Authority for providing the land level and well data, respectively. The dataset developed by the authors is available upon request from the corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137–66731, Iran

    Abolfazl Rezaei & Zahra Mousavi

  2. Center for Research in Climate Change and Global Warming (CRCC), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137–66731, Iran

    Abolfazl Rezaei

  3. National Cartographic Center, Tehran, 1387835861, Iran

    Fatemeh Khorrami & Hamidreza Nankali

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  1. Abolfazl Rezaei
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  2. Zahra Mousavi
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Rezaei, A., Mousavi, Z., Khorrami, F. et al. Inelastic and elastic storage properties and daily hydraulic head estimates from continuous global positioning system (GPS) measurements in northern Iran. Hydrogeol J 28, 657–672 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02092-y

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