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Determination of areas vulnerable to pollution in a karstic river basin in Turkey via a decision support system based on DRASTIC, SWAT and isotopes analysis

Détermination des zones vulnérables à la pollution dans un bassin versant karstique en Turquie à partir d’un système d’aide à la décision reposant sur DRASTIC, SWAT et les analyses isotopiques

Determinación de zonas vulnerables a la contaminación en una cuenca kárstica de Turquía mediante un sistema de apoyo en la toma de decisiones basado en DRASTIC, SWAT y análisis de isótopos

基于DRASTIC、SWAT和同位素分析的决策支持系统划定土耳其喀斯特河流域易受污染区

Determinação de áreas vulneráveis à poluição em uma bacia hidrográfica cárstica na Turquia via um sistema de apoio à decisão baseado em DRASTIC, SWAT e análise de isótopos

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Abstract

Determination of areas vulnerable to water pollution in river basins helps to generate appropriate water management protection plans. This study aims to define areas vulnerable to pollutants in a data-scarce karstic river basin in Turkey by using a holistic approach integrating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the DRASTIC framework, and selected isotopes within a decision support system based on a geographic information system to delineate vulnerable areas. DRASTIC was used to show groundwater vulnerability to pollutants. The concentrations of isotopes 18O, 2H, and 3H in groundwater were used to define the vulnerable areas of the karst region. SWAT was utilized to show watershed vulnerability to pollutants in shallow aquifers. The recharge rate parameter in DRASTIC was obtained from SWAT. This methodological approach was applied to the Yuvacık Dam Basin in Kocaeli, part of the Marmara River Basin, as it is a good example of a karstic watershed. According to this study, each approach provides different vulnerabilities when applied separately. The final map obtained from the integrated approach shows that drinking water supplies in the northeast and northwest parts of the basin are highly vulnerable to pollution. All the karst spring catchments and areas near the basin outlet are highly vulnerable. Moreover, across all water samples taken across the basin, those exhibiting the highest concentrations in nitrate were all found in the areas mapped as highly vulnerable. The methodology was validated by analyzing nitrate concentration in 22 groundwater and surface-water samples.

Résumé

La détermination des zones vulnérables à la pollution de l’eau dans les bassins versants aide à établir des plans de protection adaptés à la gestion de l’eau. Cette étude a pour objectif de définir les zones vulnérables aux polluants dans un bassin versant karstique doté de peu de données en Turquie en utilisant une approche holistique intégrant l’outil SWAT, le schéma DRASTIC, et des isotopes sélectionnés dans un outil d’aide à la décision basé sur un système d’information géographique pour délimiter les zones vulnérables. DRASTIC a été utilisé pour mettre en évidence la vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines aux polluants. Les concentrations des isotopes 18O, 2H, and 3H dans les eaux souterraines ont été utilisées pour définir les zones vulnérables de la région karstique. SWAT a été utilisé pour attester de la vulnérabilité du bassin versant aux polluants dans les aquifères superficiels. Le paramètre du taux de recharge de DRASTIC a été obtenu à partir de SWAT. Cette approche méthodologique a été appliquée au basin du barrage de Yuvacık en Kocaeli, une partie du bassin versant de Marmara, du fait que c’est un bon exemple de bassin versant karstique. Selon cette étude, chaque approche fournit différentes vulnérabilités lorsque appliquée séparément. La carte finale obtenue à partir de l’approche intégrée indique que les secteurs d’approvisionnement en eau potable dans les parties nord-est et nord-ouest du bassin sont fortement vulnérables à la pollution. Tous les captages des sources karstiques et les zones proches de l’exutoire du bassin sont très vulnérables. De plus, parmi tous les échantillons d’eau prélevés dans le bassin, ceux présentant les concentrations les plus élevés en nitrates se trouvent tous dans les zones cartographiées comme très vulnérables. La méthodologie a été validée en analysant la concentration de nitrates dans 22 échantillons d’eau souterraine et d’eau de surface.

Resumen

La determinación de las zonas vulnerables a la contaminación del agua en las cuencas fluviales ayuda a generar planes adecuados de protección de la gestión del agua. Este estudio tiene por objeto definir las zonas vulnerables a los contaminantes en una cuenca fluvial cárstica de Turquía sobre la que se dispone de escasos datos, utilizando un enfoque holístico que integra la Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), el sistema DRASTIC e isótopos seleccionados en un sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones basado en un sistema de información geográfica para delimitar las zonas vulnerables. Se utilizó DRASTIC para mostrar la vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas a los contaminantes. Las concentraciones de isótopos 18O, 2H y 3H en las aguas subterráneas se utilizaron para definir las zonas vulnerables de la región kárstica. Se utilizó SWAT para mostrar la vulnerabilidad de las cuencas a los contaminantes en acuíferos poco profundos. El parámetro de la tasa de recarga en DRASTIC se obtuvo de SWAT. Este enfoque metodológico se aplicó a la cuenca de la presa de Yuvacık en Kocaeli, parte de la cuenca del río Mármara, ya que es un buen ejemplo de cuenca kárstica. Según este estudio, cada enfoque proporciona vulnerabilidades diferentes cuando se aplica por separado. El mapa final obtenido a partir del enfoque integrado muestra que los suministros de agua potable en las partes noreste y noroeste de la cuenca son muy vulnerables a la contaminación. Todas las captaciones de manantiales kársticos y las zonas próximas a la desembocadura de la cuenca son muy vulnerables. Además, en todas las muestras de agua tomadas en la cuenca, las que presentaban las concentraciones más elevadas de nitrato se encontraban en las zonas consideradas altamente vulnerables. La metodología se validó analizando la concentración de nitratos en 22 muestras de aguas subterráneas y superficiales.

摘要

在流域中划定易受水污染区有助于制定适宜的水资源管理保护计划。本研究旨在利用综合方法，将土壤和水资源评估工具（SWAT）、DRASTIC框架和选定的同位素整合到基于地理信息系统的决策支持系统中，以此来确定土耳其数据匮乏的喀斯特河流域中易受污染影响的区域。DRASTIC用于显示地下水易受污染影响的脆弱性。地下水中同位素18O、2H和3H的浓度用于确定喀斯特地区的易受影响区域。SWAT用于显示浅层含水层中流域易受污染影响的脆弱性。DRASTIC中的补给率参数从SWAT中获取。该方法在Kocaeli的Yuvacık水库流域应用，它是Marmara流域的喀斯特流域的典型案例。根据本研究，每种方法单独应用时提供不同的脆弱性信息。综合方法得出的最终地图显示，流域东北部和西北部的饮用水供给极易受到污染。所有喀斯特泉水补给区和靠近流域出口的区域都极易受到污染。此外，对整个流域采集的所有水样，含硝酸盐浓度最高的样品都位于易受影响区。该方法通过对22个地下水和地表水样品中硝酸盐浓度的分析进行了验证。

Resumo

A determinação de áreas vulneráveis à poluição da água em bacias hidrográficas ajuda a gerar planos de proteção de gestão de água adequados. Este estudo visa definir áreas vulneráveis a poluentes em uma bacia hidrográfica cárstica com escassez de dados na Turquia, usando uma abordagem holística que integra a ferramenta Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a estrutura DRASTIC e isótopos selecionados dentro de um sistema de apoio à decisão baseado em um sistema de informações geográficas para delinear áreas vulneráveis. O DRASTIC foi usado para mostrar a vulnerabilidade das águas subterrâneas aos poluentes. As concentrações dos isótopos 18O, 2H, e 3H nas águas subterrâneas foram usadas para definir as áreas vulneráveis da região cárstica. O SWAT foi utilizado para mostrar a vulnerabilidade das bacias hidrográficas a poluentes em aquíferos rasos. O parâmetro da taxa de recarga no DRASTIC foi obtido do SWAT. Esta abordagem metodológica foi aplicada à Bacia da Barragem de Yuvacık em Kocaeli, parte da Bacia do Rio Marmara, por ser um bom exemplo de bacia hidrográfica cárstica. De acordo com este estudo, cada abordagem fornece diferentes vulnerabilidades quando aplicadas separadamente. O mapa final obtido da abordagem integrada mostra que o abastecimento de água potável nas partes nordeste e noroeste da bacia são altamente vulneráveis à poluição. Todas as nascentes das bacias cársticas e áreas próximas à foz são altamente vulneráveis. Além disso, em todas as amostras de água coletadas na bacia, aquelas que exibem as maiores concentrações de nitrato foram todas encontradas nas áreas mapeadas como altamente vulneráveis. A metodologia foi validada analisando a concentração de nitrato em 22 amostras de águas subterrâneas e superficiais.

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Acknowledgements

The data obtained from the Yuvacık Dam Lake Basin Basin Protection and Special Provision Determination Project were used in this study, and the author is grateful to the Republic of Turkey Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality ISU General Directorate for these data and the support data on the Yuvacık Dam Basin. The author would also like to thank geological engineer Abdullah Altuntaş and map engineer Azize Koç for their assistance in field sampling.

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  1. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstr.15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany

    Ayfer Özdemir

  2. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Boztepe Mah. Serik Caddesi no:270, Aksu/Antalya, Turkey

    Ayfer Özdemir

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Özdemir, A. Determination of areas vulnerable to pollution in a karstic river basin in Turkey via a decision support system based on DRASTIC, SWAT and isotopes analysis. Hydrogeol J 31, 1209–1228 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02648-z

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