Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Accomplishment and subjectivity of GIS-based DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment method: a review

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Groundwater vulnerability assessment is an important task in water resources and land management. The most sophisticated among the vulnerability assessment techniques is the GIS-based DRASTIC model. However, despite its popularity, it is marred with excessive subjectivity glitches; little research has been conducted to address the shortcomings associated with this method. This study investigates various issues regarding the application of the GIS-based DRASTIC model through a critical review of relevant literatures. It is revealed that all the DRASTIC parameters are equally significant irrespective of their assigned weights. On the contentious quantile classifications, however, a categorical classification defined by ‘very low’, ‘low’, ‘medium’, ‘high’, and ‘very high’ was suggested for standardization. Based on the studied literatures, it was established that 46 % of 977 million km2 of land assessed globally fell within moderate to high vulnerability category—a land cover bigger than the cultivated lands obtainable in all the countries around the world except the United States, India, China, Russia, Brazil, Canada and Australia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams B, Foster SSD (1992) Land-Surface Zoning for Groundwater Protection. Water Environ J 6:312–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed A (2009) Using Generic and Pesticide DRASTIC GIS-based models for vulnerability assessment of the Quaternary aquifer at Sohag. Egypt Hydrogeol J 17:1203–1217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Adamat RAN, Foster IDL, Baban SMJ (2003) Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS Remote sensing and DRASTIC. Applied Geography 23:303–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr J, Petty R (1985) DRASTIC: a standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution using hydrogeologic settings.-US EPA/Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory. EPA/600/2-85/018, p 163

  • Al-Zabet T (2002) Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination potential using the DRASTIC method. Environ Geol 43:203–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonakos AK, Lambrakis NJ (2007) Development and testing of three hybrid methods for the assessment of aquifer vulnerability to nitrates, based on the drastic model, an example from NE Korinthia. Greece J Hydrol 333:288–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar AF, Yunus A (2010) Pesticide leaching potential in a shallow unconfined aquifer. J Water Environ Technol 8(1):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar AF, Yunus A (2013) Groundwater vulnerability to pesticides in Northwest Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sc 70(5):1971–1981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awawdeh M, Jaradat R (2010) Evaluation of aquifers vulnerability to contamination in the Yarmouk River basin Jordan, based on DRASTIC method. Arab J Geosci 3:273–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baalousha H (2006) Vulnerability assessment for the Gaza Strip Palestine using DRASTIC. Environ Geol 50:405–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baalousha H (2011) Mapping groundwater contamination risk using GIS and groundwater modelling A case study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Arab J Geosci 4:483–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baba A, Tayfur G (2011) Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 183:77–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babiker IS, Mohamed MAA, Hiyama T, Kato K (2005) A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Sci Total Environ 345:127–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmat Y, Collin M (1990) Management-oriented assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution Israel Hydrological Service Report. Jerusalem 6:30

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai L, Wang Y, Meng F (2012) Application of DRASTIC and extension theory in the groundwater vulnerability evaluation. Water Environ J 26:381–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber C, Bates LE, Barron R, Allison H (1993) Assessment of the relative vulnerability of groundwater to pollution: a review and background paper for the conference workshop on vulnerability assessment. J Aust Geol Geophys 14:1147–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazimenyera JDD, Zhonghua T (2008) A GIS based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in shallow aquifer in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain. China Res J Appl Sci 3:550–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedessem ME, Casey B, Frederick K, Nibbelink N (2005) Aquifer prioritization for ambient ground water monitoring. Ground Water Monit Rem 25:150–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bojórquez-Tapia LA, Cruz-Bello GM, Luna-González L, Juárez L, Ortiz-Pérez MA (2009) V-DRASTIC: using visualization to engage policymakers in groundwater vulnerability assessment. J Hydrol 373:242–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boughriba M, Barkaoui A-e, Zarhloule Y, Lahmer Z, Houadi B, Verdoya M (2010) Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping of the Angad transboundary aquifer using DRASTIC index method in GIS environment Arab. J Geosci 3:207–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Lu S, Peng C, Jiao W, Wang M (2013) Accumulation of Cd in agricultural soil under long-term reclaimed water irrigation. Environ Pollut 178:294–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chitsazan M, Akhtari Y (2009) A GIS-based DRASTIC Model for Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability in Kherran Plain. Khuzestan, Iran Water Resources Management 23:1137–1155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell LD, Daele Gvd (2003) A quantitative approach to aquifer vulnerability mapping. J Hydrol 276:71–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corniello A, Ducci D, Napolitano P (1997) Comparison between parametric methods to evaluate aquifer pollution vulnerability using GIS: an example in the “Piana Campana”, southern Italy Engineering geology and the environment Balkema, Rotterdam: 1721–1726

  • Denny S, Allen D, Journeay J (2007) DRASTIC-Fm: a modified vulnerability mapping method for structurally controlled aquifers in the southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia. Can Hydrogeol J 15:483–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon B (2005) Groundwater vulnerability mapping: a GIS and fuzzy rule based integrated tool. Appl Geogr 25:327–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Naqa A, Hammouri N, Kuisi M (2006) GIS-based evaluation of groundwater vulnerability in the Russeifa area. Jordan Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas 23:277–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans BM, Myers WL (1990) A GIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC. J Soil Water Conserv 45:242–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritch TG, McKnight CL, Yelderman JC Jr, Arnold JG (2000) An Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment of the Paluxy Aquifer Central Texas, USA, Using GIS and a Modified DRASTIC. Approach Environ Manag 25:337–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerth J, Förstner U (2004) Part IV: fitness for Aquatic Systems Long-term Forecast: Key to groundwater protection. Environ Sci Pollut Res 11:49–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gogu RC, Dassargues A (2000) Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and index methods. Environ Geol 39:549–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamza MH, Added A, Rodríguez R, Abdeljaoued S, Ben Mammou A (2007) A GIS-based DRASTIC vulnerability and net recharge reassessment in an aquifer of a semi-arid region (Metline-Ras Jebel-Raf Raf aquifer, Northern Tunisia). J Environ Manage 84:12–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris GCMB, Hatzinger P, Root K (1988) Mapping groundwater recharge areas for land use planning: a case study in northern New York, USA Land Use Policy

  • Hasiniaina F, Zhou J, Guoyi L (2010) Regional assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Tamtsag basin, Mongolia using drastic model. J Am Sci 6:65–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Herlinger R Jr, Viero A (2007) Groundwater vulnerability assessment in coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul State Brazil, using drastic and adsorption capacity of soils. Environ Geol 52:819–829

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hua J, Hu L, Linwei F, Shuyan X (2011) Research progress of a GIS-based DRASTIC model. In: Mechanic automation and control engineering (MACE), 2011 Second International Conference on 2524–2526

  • Huan H, Wang J, Teng Y (2012) Assessment and validation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate based on a modified DRASTIC model: a case study in Jilin City of northeast China. Sci Total Environ 440:14–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamrah A, Al-Futaisi A, Rajmohan N, Al-Yaroubi S (2008) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the coastal region of Oman using DRASTIC index method in GIS environment. Environ Monit Assess 147:125–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones F, Watkins J (1985) The water cycle as a source of pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 59:27S–36S

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabera T, Zhaohui L (2008) A GIS Based DRASTIC Model for Assessing Groundwater in Shallow Aquifer in Yuncheng Basin, Shanxi. China Res J Appl Sci 3:195–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazakis N, Voudouris K (2011) Comparison of three applied methods of groundwater vulnerability mapping: a case study from the Florina basin, Northern Greece. In: Lambrakis N, Stournaras G, Katsanou K (eds) Advances in the research of aquatic environment. Environmental Earth Sciences, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 359–367

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YJ, Hamm S-Y (1999) Assessment of the potential for groundwater contamination using the DRASTIC/EGIS technique, Cheongju area. South Korea Hydrogeol J 7:227–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth D, Baran N, Stuart M, Ward R (2012) Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and occurrence. Environ Pollut 163:287–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S (2003) Evaluation of waste disposal site using the DRASTIC system in Southern Korea. Environ Geol 44:654–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leone A, Ripa MN, Uricchio V, Deák J, Vargay Z (2009) Vulnerability and risk evaluation of agricultural nitrogen pollution for Hungary’s main aquifer using DRASTIC and GLEAMS models. J Environ Manage 90:2969–2978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llamas M, Custodio E (2003) Intensive use of groundwater: a new situation which demands proactive action Intensive Use of Groundwater: Challenges and Opportunities:13–31

  • Lodwick WA, Monson W, Svoboda L (1990) Attribute error and sensitivity analysis of map operations in geographical informations systems: suitability analysis. Int J Geogr Info Syst 4:413–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mádl-Szőnyi J, Füle L (1998) Groundwater vulnerability assessment of the SW Trans-Danubian Central Range. Hungary Environ Geol 35:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLay CDA, Dragten R, Sparling G, Selvarajah N (2001) Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environ Pollut 115:191–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JA, Barmen G (2006) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in the Río Artiguas basin. Nicaragua Environ Geol 50:569–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant JW (1994) GIS-based groundwater pollution hazard assessment: a critical review of the DRASTIC model, vol 9. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Bethesda, MD, ETATS-UNIS

    Google Scholar 

  • Metni M, El-Fadel M, Sadek S, Kayal R, Lichaa El Khoury D (2004) Groundwater resources in Lebanon: a vulnerability assessment. Int J Water Resour D 20:475–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam AA, Fijani E (2008) Distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Maku area, northwest of Iran. Environ Geol 56:281–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi K, Niknam R, Majd V (2009) Aquifer vulnerability assessment using GIS and fuzzy system: a case study in Tehran-Karaj aquifer. Iran Environ Geol 58:437–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moratalla Á, Gómez-Alday J, Sanz D, Castaño S, Heras J (2011) Evaluation of a GIS-Based Integrated Vulnerability Risk Assessment for the Mancha Oriental System (SE Spain). Water Resour Manage 25:3677–3697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano P, Fabbri A (1996) Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern. Assoc Hydrol Sci 235:559–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Nobre RCM, Rotunno Filho OC, Mansur WJ, Nobre MMM, Cosenza CAN (2007) Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping using GIS, modeling and a fuzzy logic tool. J Contam Hydrol 94:277–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak D, Hiratsuka A, Awata I, Chen L (2009) Groundwater vulnerability assessment in shallow aquifer of Kathmandu Valley using GIS-based DRASTIC model. Environ Geol 57:1569–1578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin J, Jeannin P-Y, Zwahlen F (2003) Epikarst storage in a karst aquifer: a conceptual model based on isotopic data Milandre test site. Switz J Hydrol 279:106–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phan K et al (2013) Assessing mixed trace elements in groundwater and their health risk of residents living in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia. Environ Pollut 182:111–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piscopo G (2001) Groundwater vulnerability map explanatory notes-Castlereagh catchment Parramatta NSW: Australia NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation

  • Polemio M, Dragone V, Limoni PP (2009) Monitoring and methods to analyse the groundwater quality degradation risk in coastal karstic aquifers (Apulia, Southern Italy). Environ Geol 58:299–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Singh VS, Krishnamacharyulu SKG, Banerjee P (2011) Application of drastic model and GIS: for assessing vulnerability in hard rock granitic aquifer. Environ Monit Assess 176:143–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman A (2008) A GIS based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in shallow aquifer in Aligarh. India Appl Geogr 28:32–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan P, Gupta AD, Kazama S, Sawamoto M (2007) Assessment of aquifer-land use composite vulnerability in Walawe River Basin. Sri Lanka Asian J Water Environ Pollut 4:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao SM, Mamatha P (2004) Water quality in sustainable water management. Curr Sci India 87:942

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei F, Safavi H, Ahmadi A (2013) Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Fuzzy Logic: a Case Study in the Zayandehrood Aquifers. Iran Environ Manage 51:267–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saidi S, Bouri S, Ben Dhia H (2010) Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping of the Hajeb-jelma aquifer (Central Tunisia) using a GIS-based DRASTIC model. Environ Earth Sci 59:1579–1588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saidi S, Bouri S, Ben Dhia H, Anselme B (2011) Assessment of groundwater risk using intrinsic vulnerability and hazard mapping: application to Souassi aquifer. Tunisian Sahel Agr Water Manage 98:1671–1682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samey AA, Gang C (2008) A GIS Based DRASTIC Model for the Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution in West Mitidja: blida City. Algeria Res J Applied Sci 3:500–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott H, Smith P, Spradley P (1992) Using DRASTIC and pesticide usage to determine potential locations of pesticides in ground water in Arkansas Fayetteville. Arkansas Association of Pesticide Applicators, AR

    Google Scholar 

  • Secunda S, Collin ML, Melloul AJ (1998) Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC with extensive agricultural land use in Israel’s Sharon region. J Environ Manage 54:39–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sener E, Sener S, Davraz A (2009) Assessment of aquifer vulnerability based on GIS and DRASTIC methods: a case study of the Senirkent-Uluborlu Basin (Isparta, Turkey) Hydrogeol J 17:2023-2035

  • Shirazi SM, Imran HM, Akib S (2012) GIS-based DRASTIC method for groundwater vulnerability assessment: a review. J Risk Res 15:991–1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla S, Mostaghimi S, Shanholt VO, Collins MC, Ross BB (2000) A County-Level Assessment of Ground Water Contamination by Pesticides Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 20:104–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinan M, Razack M (2009) An extension to the DRASTIC model to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution: application to the Haouz aquifer of Marrakech (Morocco) Environ Geol 57:349-363

  • Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaraghavan K, Vasanthavigar M, Sarma VS, Rajivgandhi R, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R (2011) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur region Tamilnadu, India using drastic and GIS techniques. Arab J Geosci 4:1215–1228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesoriero A J IEL (1998) Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression. proceedings for the Source Water Assessment and Protection 98 Conference, Dallas TX:157-165

  • Tesoriero AJ, Inkpen EL, Voss FD (1998) Assessing groundwater vulnerability using logistic regression. Proceedings for the Source Water Assessment and Protection 98 Conference. Dallas, TX, pp 157–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Thirumalaivasan D, Karmegam M, Venugopal K (2003) AHP-DRASTIC: software for specific aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC model and GIS. Environ Modell Softw 18:645–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilahun K, Merkel B (2010) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Dire Dawa Ethiopia using DRASTIC. Environ Earth Sci 59:1485–1496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsakiris G (2009) A Paradigm for Applying Risk and Hazard Concepts in Proactive Planning. In: Iglesias A, Cancelliere A, Wilhite D, Garrote L, Cubillo F (eds) Coping with Drought Risk in Agriculture and Water Supply Systems, vol 26., Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards ResearchSpringer, Netherlands, pp 81–91

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Uddameri V, Honnungar V (2007) Combining rough sets and GIS techniques to assess aquifer vulnerability characteristics in the semi-arid South Texas. Environ Geol 51:931–939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vías JM, Andreo B, Perles MJ, Carrasco F (2005) A comparative study of four schemes for groundwater vulnerability mapping in a diffuse flow carbonate aquifer under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Environ Geol 47:586–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vías J, Andreo B, Ravbar N, Hötzl H (2010) Mapping the vulnerability of groundwater to the contamination of four carbonate aquifers in Europe. J Environ Manage 91:1500–1510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voudouris K, Kazakis N, Polemio M, Kareklas K (2010) Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability using DRASTIC model and GIS in Kiti aquifer. Cyprus European Water 30:13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrba J, Zaporozec A (1994) Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability International contributions to hydrogeology 16

  • Wen X, Wu J, Si J (2009) A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing shallow groundwater vulnerability in the Zhangye Basin, northwestern. China Environ Geol 57:1435–1442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia (2013) Land use statistics by country, available at http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country. Accessed 6 Jul 2013

  • Hallaq A, Elaish B (2012) Assessment of aquifer vulnerability to contamination in Khanyounis Governorate, Gaza Strip—Palestine, using the DRASTIC model within GIS environment. Arab J Geosci 5:833–847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Różkowski J (2010) Evaluation of intrinsic vulnerability of an Upper Jurassic karst-fissured aquifer in the Jura Krakowska (southern Poland) to anthropogenic pollution using the DRASTIC method. Geol Quat 51(1):17–26 (Warszawa)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukia S, Mostaghimi S, Shanholtz VO, Collins MC (1998) A GIS-Based Modeling approach for evaluating groundwater vulnerability to pesticides1. JAWRA J Am Water Resour As 34:1275–1293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zingoni E, Love D, Magadza C, Moyce W, Musiwa K (2005) Effects of a semi-formal urban settlement on groundwater quality: Epworth (Zimbabwe): Case study and groundwater quality zoning. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 30:680–688. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YS, Wang L (2010) Catchment-scale vulnerability assessment of groundwater pollution from diffuse sources using the DRASTIC method: a case study. Hydrol Sci J 55:1206–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Zhou D, Yu H, Wei R, Pan B (2013) Distribution and speciation of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in agricultural and non-agricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River. China Environ Pollut 177:64–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin L, Zhang E, Wang X, Wenninger J, Dong J, Guo L, Huang J (2012) A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the Ordos Plateau. China Environ Earth Sci: 1–15

  • Zwahlen F (2004) Vulnerability and risk mapping for the protection of carbonate (karst) aquifers Final report COST action 620

Download references

Acknowledgments

The support provided by the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia under the Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS), 05-02-12-1874RU, 9344400 is acknowledged. In addition, support from Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure and Kano Agricultural Rural Development Authority (KNARDA) is hereby acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    S. M. Hamza, A. Ahsan, T. A. Mohammad & A. H. Ghazali

  2. Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    A. Ahsan

  3. Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia

    M. A. Imteaz

  4. School of Engineering, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South, Sydney, NSW1797, Australia

    A. Rahman

Authors
  1. S. M. Hamza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Ahsan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. A. Imteaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. T. A. Mohammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. H. Ghazali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Ahsan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hamza, S.M., Ahsan, A., Imteaz, M.A. et al. Accomplishment and subjectivity of GIS-based DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment method: a review. Environ Earth Sci 73, 3063–3076 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3601-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3601-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation