Abstract
Sinusoidal pumping tests have been widely used to determine aquifer hydraulic properties because of the advantages of separable background pressure, lower disposal costs for contaminated water and shorter time to reach relative stability. Previous studies focusing on sinusoidal pumping tests were mainly based on Darcy’s law, which considers the hydraulic gradient to be a linear function of specific discharge. This study investigated the non-Darcian effect on sinusoidal pumping tests, where the aquifer leakage and wellbore storage effects are also taken into account. Type-curve analysis results suggested that a larger inertial force coefficient (β) or a smaller leakage coefficient (B) results in a smaller drawdown amplitude. The aquifer drawdown always lags behind the change in sinusoidal pumping rate. A larger β or B results in a larger delay time between a change in the pumping rate and the drawdown. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the drawdown is more sensitive to the change in β, B or the radius of the well casing (rc) at early times of pumping. Besides, at later times the drawdown is most sensitive to rc, second to B, and least sensitive to β. Considering the special time-delay characteristics of drawdown, a new delay effect method was proposed to estimate the inertial force coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and leakage coefficient of the confined aquifer. The applicability and robustness of this method were demonstrated in a field pumping test conducted in an aquitard-aquifer system at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA.
Résumé
Les tests de pompage sinusoïdaux ont été largement utilisés pour déterminer les propriétés hydrauliques des aquifères en raison de leurs avantages tels qu’une pression de fond identifiable, des coûts plus faibles pour l’élimination des eaux contaminées et du temps plus court pour atteindre une stabilité relative. Des études antérieures portant sur les essais de pompage sinusoïdaux étaient principalement basées sur la loi de Darcy, qui considère que le gradient hydraulique est une fonction linéaire du débit spécifique. Cette étude a examiné l’effet non-darcien sur les tests de pompage sinusoïdaux, où les effets de fuite de l’aquifère et de stockage au sein du puits sont également pris en compte. Les résultats de l’analyse des courbes types suggèrent qu’un coefficient de force d’inertie plus grand (β) ou un coefficient de fuite plus petit (B) entraîne une amplitude de rabattement plus faible. Le rabattement de l’aquifère est toujours en retard par rapport à la variation du taux de pompage sinusoïdal. Un β ou B plus grand entraîne un retard plus important entre une modification du taux de pompage et le rabattement. L’analyse de sensibilité a indiqué que le rabattement est plus sensible à la variation de β, de B ou du rayon du tubage du puits (rc) aux premiers moments du pompage. En outre, plus tard, le rabattement est plus sensible à rc, puis à B, et moins sensible à β. Compte tenu des caractéristiques particulières du rabattement dans le temps, une nouvelle méthode d’effet retard a été proposée pour estimer le coefficient de force d’inertie, la conductivité hydraulique et le coefficient de fuite de l’aquifère captif. L’applicabilité et la robustesse de cette méthode ont été démontrées lors d’un essai de pompage sur le terrain réalisé dans un système aquitard-aquifère sur le site de Savannah River, en Caroline du Sud, aux États-Unis d’Amérique.
Resumen
Los ensayos de bombeo sinusoidales se han utilizado ampliamente para determinar las propiedades hidráulicas de los acuíferos debido a las ventajas que presentan: separación de la presión de fondo, menores costes de eliminación del agua contaminada y menor tiempo para alcanzar la estabilidad relativa. Los estudios realizados anteriormente sobre ensayos de bombeo sinusoidal se basaban principalmente en la ley de Darcy, que considera que el gradiente hidráulico es una función lineal de la descarga específica. En este estudio se investigó el efecto no darciano en las pruebas de bombeo sinusoidal, en las que también se tienen en cuenta los efectos de filtración del acuífero y de almacenamiento en el pozo. Los resultados del análisis de la curva tipo sugieren que un coeficiente de fuerza de inercia (β) mayor o un coeficiente de filtración (B) menor dan lugar a una menor amplitud de la depresión. La depresión en el acuífero siempre va por detrás del cambio en el caudal de bombeo sinusoidal. A mayor β o B, mayor tiempo de retardo entre un cambio en el caudal de bombeo y la disminución del nivel freático. El análisis de sensibilidad indicó que la depresión es más sensible al cambio de β, B o el radio de la tubería del pozo (rc) en los primeros momentos del bombeo. Además, en momentos posteriores, la depresión es más sensible a rc, en segundo lugar, a B y menos sensible a β. Teniendo en cuenta las características especiales de retardo temporal de la depresión, se propuso un nuevo método de efecto de retardo para estimar el coeficiente de fuerza de inercia, la conductividad hidráulica y el coeficiente de filtración del acuífero confinado. La aplicabilidad y solidez de este método se demostraron en un ensayo de bombeo de campo realizado en un sistema acuífero-acuífero en el emplazamiento del río Savannah, en Carolina del Sur (EEUU).
摘要
正弦抽水试验因其可分离的背景压力、更低的水污染处理成本和更短达到相对稳定的时间等优点,已经被广泛用于确定含水层的水力性质。以往有关正弦抽水试验的研究主要是基于达西定律,该定律认为水力梯度是单位流量的线性函数。本研究探索了正弦抽水试验中的非达西效应,并且还考虑了含水层越流和井筒储存效应。标准曲线分析结果表明,较大的惯性力系数(β)或较小的越流系数(B)会导致更小的降深振幅。含水层降深总是滞后于正弦抽水流量的变化。β或B越大,抽水流量和降深变化之间的延迟时间越大。敏感性分析表明,降深在抽水初期对β、B或井筒半径(rc)的变化更为敏感。此外,在抽水后期,降深对rc最敏感,其次是B,对β最不敏感。考虑到降深的特殊时间延迟特性,提出了一种新的延迟效应法来估计承压含水层的惯性力系数、渗透系数和越流系数。该方法的适用性和稳健性通过美国南卡罗来纳州萨凡纳河含水层系统中进行的现场抽水试验进行了验证。
Resumo
Ensaios de bombeamento senoidal têm sido amplamente utilizados para determinar as propriedades hidráulicas de aquíferos por apresentarem vantagens como a separação da pressão ambiente, a redução de custo com o descarte de água contaminada e a agilidade na estabilização relativa do ensaio. Estudos anteriores com foco em ensaios de bombeamento senoidal foram baseados principalmente na lei de Darcy, que considera o gradiente hidráulico como uma função linear da vazão específica. Este estudo investigou o efeito não darciano em ensaios de bombeamento senoidal, onde os efeitos de vazamento do aquífero e armazenamento no poço também são levados em consideração. Os resultados da análise da curva tipo sugeriram que um coeficiente de força inercial maior (β) ou um coeficiente de vazamento menor (B) resultam em uma amplitude de rebaixamento menor. O rebaixamento do aquífero sempre ocorre com um atraso em relação à mudança na taxa de bombeamento senoidal. Um β ou B maior resulta em um tempo de atraso maior entre uma mudança na taxa de bombeamento e o rebaixamento. A análise de sensibilidade indicou que o rebaixamento é mais sensível à variação de β, B ou raio do revestimento do poço (rc) no início do bombeamento. Além disso, em momentos posteriores, o rebaixamento é mais sensível a rc, depois a B e menos sensível a β. Considerando as características especiais de atraso do rebaixamento, um novo método de efeito de atraso foi proposto para estimar o coeficiente de força inercial, a condutividade hidráulica e o coeficiente de vazamento do aquífero confinado. A aplicabilidade e robustez deste método foram demonstradas em um ensaio de bombeamento de campo conduzido em um sistema aquitardo-aquífero no Site do Rio Savannah, Carolina do Sul, EUA.
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This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41572209).
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Appendix Nomenclature
Appendix Nomenclature
Symbol | Parameter |
Q .0 | Amplitude of the pumping rate [L3/T] |
t | Pumping time [T] |
T | Pumping period [T] |
i | Imaginary number |
φ | Initial phase of the pumping rate function [-] |
Q | Pumping rate [L3/T] |
r | Radial distance from the pumping well [L] |
r w | Effective radius of the well [L] |
r c | Radius of the well casing [L] |
s w | Drawdown inside the well [L] |
q | Specific discharge [L/T] |
s | Aquifer drawdown [L] |
S | Storage coefficient of the confined aquifer [-] |
m | Aquifer thickness [L] |
B | Aquifer leakage coefficient [LT] |
K 1 | Aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity [L/T] |
m 1 | Aquitard thickness [L] |
β | Inertial force coefficient [T/L] |
K | Apparent hydraulic conductivity [L/T] |
ρ | Porosity |
D p | Characteristic grain diameter [L]; |
υ | Kinematic viscosity of the fluid [L2/T] |
K 0 | Zero-order modified Bessel function of the second kind |
J 0 | Zero-order Bessel function of the first kind |
λ ’ | Integral variable |
t Q | Time of local maximum pumping rate [T] |
t s | Time of local maximum drawdown [T] |
n | Number of pumping cycle |
τ | Delay time of aquifer drawdown [T] |
A | Drawdown amplitude [L] |
ε t | Delay time ratio [-] |
ε A | Drawdown amplitude ratio [-] |
r D | Dimensionless radial distance from the pumping well |
r wD | Dimensionless effective radius of the well |
r cD | Dimensionless radius of the well casing |
t D | Dimensionless pumping time |
Q D | Dimensionless pumping rate |
s D | Dimensionless drawdown |
s wD | Dimensionless drawdown inside the well |
q D | Dimensionless specific discharge |
β D | Dimensionless inertial force coefficient |
B D | Dimensionless leakage coefficient of the aquifer |
T D | Dimensionless pumping period |
A D | Dimensionless drawdown amplitude |
t sD | Dimensionless time of local maximum drawdown |
t QD | Dimensionless time of local maximum pumping rate |
τ D | Dimensionless delay time |
Dimensionless parameters: \({r}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{r}{m}\), \({r}_{\mathrm{cD}}=\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{c}}}{m}\), \({r}_{\mathrm{wD}}=\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}{m}\), \({t}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{Kt}{Sm}\), \({Q}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{Q}{{Q}_{0}}\), \({s}_{\text{D}}=\frac{4\pi Km}{{Q}_{0}}s\), \({s}_{\text{wD}}=\frac{4\pi Km}{{Q}_{0}}{s}_{\text{w}}\), \({q}_{\text{D}}=-\frac{4\pi {m}^{2}}{{Q}_{0}}q\), \({\beta }_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{\beta {Q}_{0}}{4\uppi {m}^{2}}\), \({B}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{BK}{{m}^{2}}\), \({T}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{KT}{Sm}\), \({A}_{\text{D}}=\frac{4\pi Km}{{Q}_{0}}A\), \({t}_{s\mathrm{D}}=\frac{{Kt}_{s}}{Sm}\), \({t}_{Q\mathrm{D}}=\frac{{Kt}_{Q}}{Sm}\),\({\tau }_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{K\tau }{Sm}\)
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Li, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhuang, C. et al. Non-Darcian effect on a sinusoidal pumping test in a leaky confined aquifer. Hydrogeol J 31, 931–946 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02618-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02618-5