Abstract
Water inrush from old water-logged goafs is a major cause of disaster in coal mines. The conditions at Dongyu Mine (Shanxi Province, China) were analyzed from three aspects: water source, pressure and flow channels. The water-inrush process has three stages: slow seepage, sudden increase and decrease, and slow decrease. The mechanisms and causes were analyzed, and the relationships among pressure, velocity, porosity and suspended-particle concentration were revealed. High pressure forms easily at the syncline axis, due to water-level difference caused by the syncline structure of two high wings of strata and a low middle section. A tensile fractured zone can form at the axis under a bending moment, which provides a major water-conducting channel. In the slow seepage stage, the relationship between water inflow and time is exponentially nonlinear, due to the positive-feedback process, in which the hydraulic conductivity and effective water-conducting area become larger after the water flow removes the gravels, and this leads to further flow and removal of more gravels. In the sudden increase and decrease stage, the shear force cannot restrain the upwarping of the stratum according to the thick plate model. Maximum displacement of upwarping is 0.02 m. The opening increment is 0.01 m. A small opening can cause the fractured zone to loosen and lose stability, causing large-scale water inrush. In the slow decrease stage, decreasing water level and pressure lead to decrease of water inflow. Numerical simulation showed that when pressure continues to decrease by the same amount, the velocity will decrease more.
Résumé
L’irruption d’eau à partir d’anciens gouffres remplis d’eau est une cause majeure de catastrophe dans les mines de charbon. Les conditions de la mine de Dongyu (province de Shanxi, Chine) ont été analysées sous trois aspects: la source d’eau, la pression et les canaux d’écoulement. Le processus d’irruption d’eau comporte trois étapes: infiltration lente, augmentation et diminution soudaines, et diminution lente. Les mécanismes et les causes ont été analysés, et les relations entre la pression, la vitesse, la porosité et la concentration des particules en suspension ont été révélées. La haute pression se forme facilement à l’axe du synclinal, en raison de la différence de niveau d’eau causée par la structure synclinale constituée de deux strates élevées et d’une section médiane basse. Une zone fracturée en tension peut se former au niveau de l’axe sous l’effet d’un moment de flexion, ce qui constitue un importante canalisation de l’eau. Dans la phase d’infiltration lente, la relation entre l’entrée d’eau et le temps est exponentiellement non linéaire, en raison du processus de rétroaction positive, dans lequel la conductivité hydraulique et la zone effective de conduction de l’eau deviennent plus grandes après que le flux d’eau ait éliminé les graviers, ce qui conduit à un flux supplémentaire et à l’élimination de plus de graviers. Dans les phases d’augmentation et de diminution soudaines, la force de cisaillement ne peut pas limiter le soulèvement de la strate selon le modèle de plaque épaisse. Le déplacement maximal du soulèvement est de 0.02 m. L’incrément d’ouverture est de ~0.01 m. Une petite ouverture peut entraîner un relâchement de la zone fracturée et une perte de stabilité, provoquant une irruption d’eau à grande échelle. Dans la phase de diminution lente, la baisse du niveau d’eau et de la pression entraîne une diminution de l’entrée d’eau. La simulation numérique a montré que lorsque la pression continue de diminuer dans les mêmes proportions, la vitesse diminue davantage.
Resumen
Las filtraciones de agua desde antiguos depósitos de residuos son una de las principales causas de riesgos de anegamientos en las minas de carbón. Las condiciones de la mina de Dongyu (provincia de Shanxi, China) se analizaron desde tres aspectos: fuente de agua, presión y canales de flujo. El proceso de filtración del agua tiene tres etapas: filtración lenta, aumento y disminución repentina, y disminución lenta. Se analizaron los mecanismos y las causas, y se revelaron las relaciones entre la presión, la velocidad, la porosidad y la concentración de partículas en suspensión. La alta presión se forma fácilmente en el eje del sinclinal, debido a la diferencia de nivel de agua causada por la estructura del sinclinal de dos alas altas de estratos y una sección media baja. En el eje puede formarse una zona fracturada por tracción bajo un momento de flexión, que proporciona un importante canal de conducción de agua. En la etapa de infiltración lenta, la relación entre la entrada de agua y el tiempo es exponencialmente no lineal, debido al proceso de retroalimentación positiva, en el que la conductividad hidráulica y el área efectiva de conducción de agua se hacen más importantes después de que el flujo de agua elimine sedimentos, y esto conduce a un mayor flujo y eliminación de más sedimentos. En la fase de aumento y disminución repentina, la fuerza de cizallamiento no puede frenar el afloramiento del estrato según el modelo de placa gruesa. El desplazamiento máximo del afloramiento es de 0.02 m. El incremento de la apertura es de 0.01 m. Una pequeña apertura puede hacer que la zona fracturada se afloje y pierda estabilidad, provocando una entrada de agua a gran escala. En la etapa de disminución lenta, la disminución del nivel de agua y la presión conducen a la disminución de la entrada de agua. La simulación numérica mostró que cuando la presión sigue disminuyendo en la misma cantidad, la velocidad disminuirá más.
摘要
遗留地面采空区突水是煤矿引发灾难的主要原因。从三个方面分析了中国山西省东于矿山的条件:水源、压力和流动通道。突水分为三个阶段:缓慢渗漏、突然增加和减少以及缓慢减少。分析了机制和原因,并揭示了压力、速度、孔隙率和悬浮颗粒浓度之间的关系。高压在向斜轴上很容易形成,这是由于水位差异是由地层两个高翼和低中段的向斜构造引起的。在弯矩的轴线上可以形成拉伸裂缝区,该弯矩提供了主要的导水通道。在缓慢的渗漏阶段,由于正向反馈的过程,流入水量与时间之间的关系是指数非线性的。在此过程中,在水流带走砾石后,渗透性和有效的导水区变大,这将导致进一步流动和去除更多的砾石。在突然的增加和减少阶段,根据厚板模型,剪切力不能约束地层的隆起。上升区的最大位移为0.02 m。开口增量约为0.01 m。一个小的开口会导致断裂区松散并失去稳定性,从而导致大规模的突水。在缓慢的阶段,降低水位和压力导致突水量减少。数值模拟表明,当压力继续减少相同的量时,速度将下降更多。
Resumo
O influxo de água a partir de antigos aterros alagados é uma das principais causas de desastres em minas de carvão. As condições na Mina Dongyu (Província Shanxi, China) foram analisadas sob três aspectos: fonte de água, pressão e canais de fluxo. O processo de influxo de água tem três etapas: infiltração lenta, aumento e diminuição repentinos, e diminuição lenta. Os mecanismos e causas foram analisados, e as relações entre pressão, velocidade, porosidade e concentração de partículas suspensas foram indicadas. Pressões elevadas são geradas facilmente em eixos de sinclinais, devido à diferença de nível d’água causada pela estrutura sinclinal de duas laterais elevadas de estratos e uma seção intermediária baixa. A zona de fratura de tração pode se formar no eixo em um momento de dobramento, fornecendo um caminho principal para a água. Na fase de infiltração lenta, a relação entre influxo de água e tempo é exponencialmente não linear, devido ao processo de retroalimentação positivo, no qual a condutividade hidráulica e a área de fluxo efetiva aumentam após a remoção de cascalho pela água circulante, e favorecendo mais fluxo e remoção de cascalho. Na etapa de aumento e diminuição súbitos, a força de cisalhamento não é capaz de conter o movimento ascendente do estrato conforme o modelo de placas grossas. O deslocamento máximo de ascensão é de 0.02 m. O incremento de abertura é de 0.01 m. Uma pequena abertura pode provocar o desprendimento de uma zona fraturada e a perda de sua estabilidade, causando influxo de água em larga escala. Simulações numéricas mostraram que enquanto a pressão continua a diminuir na mesma proporção, a velocidade diminui ainda mais.
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The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped to improve the quality of the paper
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The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant No. N2201003 was given to Kai Ma. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No. U1710253, was given to Tianhong Yang, and The National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No. 52004052, was given to Yong Zhao. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No. U1903216, was received by Tianhong Yang.
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Ma, K., Yang, T., Deng, W. et al. Analysis of water inrush at Dongyu coal mine in China from an old water-logged goaf associated with a syncline fractured zone. Hydrogeol J 31, 417–433 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02588-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-022-02588-0