Abstract
The water-level drawdown in pumping wells is the sum of two components: aquifer loss and well loss. The latter results from mostly turbulent and nonlaminar flow in and around the well. In a properly designed well, the well-loss component is usually much smaller than the aquifer loss. Analyzing step-drawdown tests of two deep (1,397 and 878 m) artesian wells drilled in a fractured carbonate aquifer in Israel, revealed exceptional proportions between the two drawdown components. Despite the high artesian flows and the fact that the two wells are properly constructed, most of the drawdown (96–99% and 82–90% of the total drawdown) is attributable to well loss. Accordingly, the well efficiencies are very low and decrease as flow increases. The anomalous values of the well-loss component are also reflected in the wells’ hydrographs; each opening and closing of the artesian flow results in an immediate jump in the head pressure. As far as is known, such unusual proportions have never been encountered in other water wells. The vertical flow velocities within the casing of both wells are very high, and the Reynolds numbers confirm turbulent flow. The combination of flow in fractures and high frictional head loss within the well pipes are the factors that enable this exceptionally high well loss and low efficiency in these high-discharge wells. The high frictional head loss, calculated by applying the Darcy-Weisbach equation, is the result of great well depths and turbulent rapid vertical flow up to the surface in a narrow and long casing.
Résumé
Le rabattement du niveau d’eau dans des puits de pompage est la somme de deux composantes: les pertes de charge liées à l’aquifère et celles associées au forage. Ces dernières résultent d’un écoulement essentiellement turbulent et non laminaire au sein et autour du puits. Dans un puits correctement conçu, la composante des pertes de charge associées au puits est généralement beaucoup plus faible que les pertes de chargé liées à l’aquifère. L’analyse des essais de rabattement par paliers de deux puits artésiens profonds (1,397 et 878 m) forés dans un aquifère carbonaté fracturé en Israël, a révélé des proportions exceptionnelles entre les deux composantes du rabattement. Malgré les débits artésiens élevés et le fait que les deux puits sont correctement construits, la majeure partie du rabattement (96–99% et 82–90% du rabattement total) est attribuable aux pertes de charge associées au puits. En conséquence, les rendements des puits sont très faibles et diminuent lorsque le débit augmente. Les valeurs anormales de la composante des pertes de charge associées au puits se reflètent également dans les hydrogrammes des puits; chaque ouverture et fermeture de l’écoulement artésien entraîne une augmentation immédiate de la charge hydraulique. Pour autant que l’on sache, des proportions aussi inhabituelles n’ont jamais été rencontrées dans d’autres puits d’eau. Les vitesses d’écoulement verticales dans le tubage des deux puits sont très élevées, et les nombres de Reynolds confirment un écoulement turbulent. La combinaison de l’écoulement dans les fractures et de la perte de charge par une friction élevée dans le tubage du puits sont les facteurs qui ont pour conséquence une perte de charge exceptionnellement élevée et une faible efficacité dans ces puits à haut débit. La perte de charge par friction élevée, calculée en appliquant l’équation de Darcy-Weisbach, résulte de la grande profondeur des puits et d’un écoulement vertical rapide et turbulent jusqu’à la surface dans un tubage étroit et long.
Resumen
El descenso del nivel del agua en los pozos de bombeo es la suma de dos componentes: las pérdidas de carga del acuífero y del pozo. Esta última es el resultado de un flujo principalmente turbulento y no laminar dentro y alrededor del pozo. En un pozo correctamente diseñado, el componente de pérdida del pozo suele ser mucho menor que la pérdida del acuífero. El análisis de las pruebas de descenso escalonado de dos pozos artesianos profundos (1,397 y 878 m) perforados en un acuífero carbonatado fracturado en Israel, reveló proporciones excepcionales entre los dos componentes del descenso. A pesar de los elevados caudales artesianos y de que los dos pozos están correctamente construidos, la mayor parte de la reducción del nivel de agua (96–99% y 82–90% de la reducción total) es atribuible a las pérdidas del pozo. En consecuencia, los rendimientos de los pozos son muy bajos y disminuyen a medida que aumenta el caudal. Los valores anómalos del componente de pérdida del pozo también se reflejan en los hidrogramas de los pozos; cada apertura y cierre del flujo artesiano provoca un salto inmediato en la presión de la carga hidráulica. Por lo que se sabe, nunca se han encontrado proporciones tan inusuales en otros pozos de agua. Las velocidades verticales del flujo dentro del revestimiento de ambos pozos son muy altas, y los números de Reynolds confirman un flujo turbulento. La combinación del flujo en las fracturas y la alta pérdida de carga por fricción dentro de las tuberías del pozo son los factores que permiten esta pérdida excepcionalmente alta y la baja eficiencia en estos pozos de alta descarga. La elevada pérdida de carga por fricción, calculada mediante la aplicación de la ecuación de Darcy-Weisbach, es el resultado de las grandes profundidades de los pozos y del rápido flujo vertical turbulento hasta la superficie en una tubería de revestimiento larga y estrecha.
摘要
抽水井的水位下降包括两个部分: 含水层损失和井损失。后者主要由井内和井周围的湍流和非层流引起。在设计合理的井中, 井损部分通常比含水层损失小得多。以色列裂隙碳酸盐含水层中钻探的两口深 (1,397 米和 878 米) 自流井的分段降深试验分析, 揭示了两种降组分之间的特殊比例。尽管自流井流量很大, 而且两口井按规范修建, 但大部分降深 (总降深的 96–99% 和 82–90%) 归因于井损。因此, 井效率非常低并且随着流量增加而降低。井损分量的异常值也反映在井的水文过程线中; 自流井的每次打开和关闭都会导致水头压力的瞬时跳跃。据目前了解, 这种不寻常的比例在其他水井中从未遇到过。两口井套管内的垂直流速都非常高, 雷诺数证实了湍流。裂隙中的流动和井管内的高摩擦水头损失相结合是导致这些高排泄井出现异常高井损和低效率的因素。通过应用 Darcy-Weisbach 方程计算的高摩擦水头损失是大井深和湍流快速垂直流沿狭窄而长的套管上升到地面的结果。
Resumo
O rebaixamento do nível da água em poços de bombeamento é a soma de dois componentes: perda de aquífero e de poço. O último resulta do fluxo principalmente turbulento e não laminar dentro e ao redor do poço. Em um poço projetado corretamente, o componente de perda de poço é geralmente muito menor do que a perda de aquífero. A análise de testes de rebaixamento de dois poços artesianos profundos (1,397 e 878 m) perfurados em um aquífero carbonático fraturado em Israel, revelou proporções excepcionais entre os dois componentes de rebaixamento. Apesar dos altos fluxos e do fato de que os dois poços serem construídos corretamente, a maior parte do rebaixamento (96–99% e 82–90% do rebaixamento total) é atribuível à perda do poço. Consequentemente, as eficiências dos poços são muito baixas e diminuem conforme o fluxo aumenta. Os valores anômalos do componente de perda de poço também são refletidos nos hidrogramas dos poços; cada abertura e fechamento do fluxo artesiano resulta em um salto imediato na carga hidráulica. Até onde se sabe, tais proporções incomuns nunca foram encontradas em outros poços. As velocidades de fluxo vertical dentro do revestimento de ambos os poços são muito altas e os números de Reynolds confirmam o fluxo turbulento. A combinação de fluxo em fraturas e alta perda de carga por atrito dentro dos tubos do poço são os fatores que permitem essa perda de poço excepcionalmente alta e baixa eficiência nesses poços de alta descarga. A alta perda de carga por atrito, calculada pela aplicação da equação de Darcy-Weisbach, é o resultado de grandes profundidades de poços e fluxo vertical turbulento e rápido até a superfície em um revestimento estreito e longo.
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Acknowledgements
The monitoring of SH-2 and HT-1 wells was supported by Mei Golan Water Association and Mekorot Water Company, respectively. We wish to thank Mr. Shlomo Ashkenazi for the excellent field work and Dr. Ittai Gavrieli for fruitful discussions. We are most grateful to the two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for greatly improving the manuscript with their insightful comments.
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Burg, A., Guttman, J. & Gev, I. The extreme well-loss component of drawdown in two deep artesian wells in Israel. Hydrogeol J 30, 265–281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02421-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02421-0