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Hydro-geochemical processes of the deep Ordovician groundwater in a coal mining area, Xuzhou, China

Processus hydrogéochimiques dans l’aquifère profond de l’Ordovicien autour d’une mine de charbon à Xuzhou (Chine)

Procesos hidrogeoquímicos de las aguas subterráneas profundas del Ordovícico en una zona minera de carbón, Xuzhou, China

中国徐州某煤矿区影响下的奥陶系深层地下水系统水文地球化学过程

Processos hidrogeoquímicos de águas subterrâneas profundas do período Ordoviciano em área de mineração de carvão, Xuzhou, China

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Abstract

The Ordovician aquifer is a typical limestone aquifer associated with Pangzhuang coal mine in North China. The groundwater properties in this area have been investigated, as the aquifer is a major drinking-water source for local people. The hydro-chemical type of the water is Ca-Na-HCO3. The bicarbonate concentration (290–428 mg/L) is relatively higher than that of other major anions (SO42−, Cl and CO32−). Three reasons for the high bicarbonate concentration are proposed. Firstly, from geochemical calculations and correlation analysis, this study finds that the high-bicarbonate water results from dissolution of calcite and dolomite. Secondly, the high bicarbonate content is the result of influence from the regional hydrogeology. The study area is located in the recharge and runoff zone of the Ordovician aquifer, which outcrops in the southeastern hills, and the hydraulic connection between the upper and lower aquifers is confirmed in terms of faults and fissures developed from mining. Finally, high values of partial pressure of CO2 indicate an open carbonate system. Additionally, SO42− is confirmed as arising from the dissolution of gypsum, even though gypsum is not the major mineral in the aquifer. Inverse geochemical modeling of three cross-section lines provides additional evidence for the geochemical evolution. It also implies that more calcite is dissolved than dolomite. The coupled approach, using multiple evidence from both hydrogeological and hydro-geochemical insights, as well as geochemical modeling, is able to illustrate the groundwater hydro-geochemistry from a more intrinsic perspective.

Résumé

L’aquifère de l’Ordovicien est un aquifère calcaire typique associé à la mine de charbon de Pangzhuang au nord de la Chine. Les propriétés des eaux souterraines ont fait l’objet d’études dans ce secteur, car l’aquifère constitue une ressource majeure pour l’alimentation en eau potable de la population locale. L’eau présente un faciès bicarbonaté calcique et sodique Ca-Na-HCO3. Les concentrations en bicarbonates (290 à 428 mg/L) sont relativement plus élevées que celles d’autres ions majeurs (SO42−, Cl et CO32−). Trois raisons sont proposées pour expliquer les concentrations élevées en bicarbonates. Tout d’abord, sur la base de calculs géochimiques et d’analyses de corrélation, la présente étude montre que le pôle bicarbonaté marqué résulte de la dissolution de calcite et de dolomite. Deuxièmement, les concentrations élevées en bicarbonates résultent de l’influence de l’hydrogéologie régionale. Le secteur d’étude se situe sur la zone d’alimentation et de ruissellement de l’aquifère de l’Ordovicien, qui affleure sur les collines au sud-est, et la connexion hydraulique entre les aquifères supérieur et inférieur est confirmée par les fractures et fissures résultant de l’activité minière. Enfin, les pressions partielles élevées en CO2 indiquent un système carbonaté ouvert. De surcroît, il est confirmé que les sulfates résultent de la dissolution de gypse, même si le gypse ne constitue pas un minéral prépondérant dans l’aquifère. La modélisation géochimique inverse de trois sections transversales fournit des preuves supplémentaires pour l’évolution géochimique. Ceci implique une plus grande dissolution de la calcite par rapport à la dolomite. L’approche couplée, utilisant plusieurs contributions issues à la fois d’approches hydrogéologiques et hydro-géochimiques, ainsi que de la modélisation géochimique, est en mesure d’illustrer l’hydrogéochimie intrinsèque des eaux souterraines.

Resumen

El acuífero Ordovícico es un acuífero calcáreo típico asociado con la mina de carbón de Pangzhuang en el norte de China. Se han investigado las propiedades de las aguas subterráneas en esta área, ya que el acuífero es una de las principales fuentes de agua potable para la población local. El tipo hidroquímico del agua es Ca-Na-HCO3. La concentración de bicarbonato (290–428 mg/L) es relativamente mayor que la de los otros aniones mayoritarios (SO42−, Cl and CO32−). Se proponen tres razones para la alta concentración de bicarbonato. En primer lugar, a partir de cálculos geoquímicos y análisis de correlación, este estudio encuentra que el agua con alto contenido de bicarbonato resulta de la disolución de calcita y dolomita. En segundo lugar, el alto contenido de bicarbonato es el resultado de la influencia de la hidrogeología regional. El área de estudio está ubicada en la zona de recarga y escorrentía del acuífero Ordovícico, que aflora en las colinas del sureste, y la conexión hidráulica entre los acuíferos superior e inferior está confirmada en términos de fallas y fisuras desarrolladas a partir de la minería. Finalmente, los altos valores de presión parcial de CO2 indican un sistema carbonático abierto. Además, se confirma que el SO42− surge de la disolución del yeso, aunque el yeso no es el principal mineral del acuífero. El modelado geoquímico inverso de tres líneas de sección transversal proporciona evidencia adicional para la evolución geoquímica. También implica que se disuelve más calcita que dolomita. El enfoque acoplado, que utiliza múltiples pruebas de conocimientos hidrogeológicos e hidrogeoquímicos, así como modelos geoquímicos, es capaz de ilustrar la hidrogeoquímica de las aguas subterráneas desde una perspectiva más intrínseca.

Abstract

在中国华北的庞庄矿区,奥陶系含水层是区域典型的灰岩含水层。该含水层同时是当地居民的重要饮用供水水源。经过研究发现,奥陶系含水层水的主要水化学类型是Ca-Na-HCO3。碳酸氢根浓度(290−428 mg / L)相对要高于其他主要阴离子(SO42−,Cl和CO32−)。本文通过研究提出了造成高碳酸氢根浓度的三个主要原因。首先,地球化学计算和相关性分析得到了高碳酸氢根水是由方解石和白云石的溶解引起的。其次,高碳酸氢根浓度还是区域水文地质结构影响的结果。研究区位于奥陶系含水层的补给和径流区,露头位于东南山区,上下含水层之间的水力联系通过采矿产生的断裂和裂隙得到连通。再次,水中高二氧化碳分压值证明了地下水主要是一个开放的碳酸盐系统。除此之外,SO42−被证实是由石膏风化溶解产生的,尽管石膏并不是含水层中的主要矿物。三条剖面线的反向水文地球化学模拟为其水化学演化进一步提供了证据。同时发现在其水化学特征形成过程中,灰岩含水层中的方解石溶解比白云石溶解更重要。本文从水文地质结构角度出发,采用了水文地质学与水文地球化学分析多种证据调查、以及地球化学模拟等多种耦合研究方法,从更内在的角度揭示了区域地下水系统的水文地球化学演化过程。

Resumo

O aquífero Ordoviciano é um típico aquífero de calcário associado à mina de carvão de Pangzhuang no norte da China. As propriedades das águas subterrâneas nessa área foram investigadas, pelo aquífero ser a maior fonte de água potável para a população local. O tipo hidroquímico da água é Ca-Na-HCO3. A concentração de bicarbonato (290–428 mg/L) é relativamente mais alta que da maioria dos ânions (SO42−, Cl e CO32−). Três razões para a alta concentração de bicarbonato foram propostas. Primeiramente, a partir de cálculos geoquímicos e análise de correlação, esse estudo encontrou que os resultados de águas com alto teor de bicarbonato provêm de dissoluções da calcita e dolomita. Segundo, o alto conteúdo de bicarbonato é resultado da influência da hidrogeologia regional. A área de estudo está localizada em uma área de recarga e escoamento do aquífero Ordoviciano, que aflora nas encostas ao sudeste, e a conexão hidráulica entre os aquíferos superiores e inferiores é confirmada em termos de falhas e fissuras desenvolvidas para mineração. Finalmente, valores altos da pressão parcial de CO2 indicam um sistema de carbonatos aberto. Adicionalmente, é SO42− confirmado como ascendente da dissolução de gipsita, mesmo que a gipsita não seja o mineral mais encontrado no aquífero. A modelagem geoquímica inversa de três linhas do corte transversal mostra evidência adicional para a evolução geoquímica. Implica-se também que mais calcita está dissolvida que dolomita. A abordagem combinada, utilizando evidências múltiplas de conhecimentos hidrogeológicos e hidrogeoquímicos, assim como a modelagem geoquímica, é capaz de ilustrar a hidrogeoquímica das águas subterrâneas a partir de uma perspectiva mais intrínseca.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks go to Prof. Sun Yajun from China University of Mining and Technology for his support with the datasets. The help from Xuzhou Coal Mining Group Ltd. with respect to profiles of the Pangzhuang coal mine is also greatly appreciated.

Funding

The study was sponsored by: Guizhou Provincial Research Foundation for Basic Research (QKHJC[2019]1080); the Science and Technology Funding of Water Resources Department of Guizhou Province (grant number: KT201803); the Guizhou Science and Talent Project (grant number: QKHPTRC[2018]5781); and the Foundation of Civil Engineering of Guizhou Province (QYNYL[2017]0013). Special thanks go to Prof. Sun Yajun from China University of Mining and Technology for his support with the datasets. The help from Xuzhou Coal Mining Group Ltd. with respect to profiles of the Pangzhuang coal mine is also greatly appreciated.

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Liu, P., Yang, M. & Sun, Y. Hydro-geochemical processes of the deep Ordovician groundwater in a coal mining area, Xuzhou, China. Hydrogeol J 27, 2231–2244 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01991-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01991-4

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