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Development of a hydrogeological conceptual wetland model in the data-scarce north-eastern region of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

Développement d’un modèle hydrogéologique conceptuel d’une zone humide dans la région Nord-Est de Kilombero Valley, Tanzanie

Desarrollo de un modelo hidrogeológico conceptual de humedales con escasos datos en la región noreste de Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

在坦桑尼亚Kilombero 河谷资料匮乏的东北部地区建立水文地质地质概念湿地模型

Desenvolvimento de um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual de áreas úmidas com dados escassos, na região nordeste do Vale Kilombero, Tanzânia

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Abstract

Understanding groundwater/surface-water interactions in wetlands is crucial because wetlands provide not only a high potential for agricultural production, but also sensitive and valuable ecosystems. This is especially true for the Kilombero floodplain wetland in Tanzania, which represents a data-scarce region in terms of hydrological and hydrogeological data. A comprehensive approach combining hydrogeological with tracer-based assessments was conducted, in order to develop a conceptual hydrogeological wetland model of the area around the city of Ifakara in the north-eastern region of Kilombero catchment. Within the study site, a heterogeneous porous aquifer, with a range of hydraulic conductivities, is underlain by a fractured-rock aquifer. Groundwater chemistry is mainly influenced by silicate weathering and depends on groundwater residence times related to the hydraulic conductivities of the porous aquifer. Groundwater flows from the hillside to the river during most of the year. While floodwater close to the river is mainly derived from overbank flow of the river, floodwater at a greater distance from the river mainly originates from precipitation and groundwater discharge. Evaporation effects in floodwater increase with increasing distance from the river. In general, the contribution of flood and stream water to groundwater recharge is negligible. In terms of an intensification of agricultural activities in the wetland, several conclusions can be drawn from the conceptual model. Results of this study are valuable as a base for further research related to groundwater/surface-water interactions and the conceptual model can be used in the future to set up numerical flow and transport models.

Résumé

La compréhension des interactions eaux souterraines-eaux de surface dans les zones humides est. cruciale, car ces zones créent non seulement un haut potentiel pour la production agricole, mais encore des écosystèmes sensibles de grande valeur. Ceci est. spécialement vrai pour la zone humide de la plaine d’inondation de Kilombero en Tanzanie, qui est. une région pauvre en données hydrologiques et hydrogéologiques. Une approche globale associant hydrogéologie et des évaluations basées sur des traçages a été mise en œuvre pour développer un modèle hydrogéologique conceptuel de la zone humide autour de la ville de Ifakara dans le Nord-Est du bassin versant du Kilombero. Dans le domaine d’étude, un aquifère poreux hétérogène, avec une gamme de conductivités hydrauliques repose sur un aquifère rocheux fracturé. La chimie des eaux souterraines est. principalement influencée par l’altération des silicates et dépend du temps de séjour qui est. fonction des conductivités hydrauliques de l’aquifère poreux. Les eaux souterraines s’écoulent du versant collinaire vers la rivière durant la plus grande partie de l’année. Tandis qu’à proximité de la rivière l’eau de crue provient principalement du débordement du lit majeur, à une plus grande distance elle résulte des précipitations et de la décharge de la nappe souterraine. Les effets de l’évaporation sur l’eau de crue s’accroissent avec la distance à la rivière. En général, les contributions de l’eau de crue et du cours d’eau à la recharge de nappe sont négligeables. En termes d’intensification des activités agricoles dans la zone humide, plusieurs conclusions peuvent être tirées du modèle conceptuel. Les résultats de cette étude sont précieux comme base pour de nouvelles recherches relatives aux interactions eaux souterraines et eaux de surface et le modèle conceptuel peut être utilisé à l’avenir pour établir des modèles numériques d’écoulement et de transport.

Resumen

La comprensión de las interacciones agua subterránea/agua superficial en los humedales es crucial porque ellos proporcionan no sólo un alto potencial para la producción agrícola, sino también por la sensibilidad y lo valioso de los ecosistemas. Esto es especialmente cierto para el humedal de la llanura inundable de Kilombero en Tanzania, que representa una región con escasos datos en términos de datos hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos. Se llevó a cabo un enfoque integral que combina evaluaciones hidrogeológicas con evaluaciones basadas en trazadores, con el fin de desarrollar un modelo hidrogeológico conceptual de humedales del área alrededor de la ciudad de Ifakara en la región nororiental de la cuenca de Kilombero. Dentro del sitio de estudio, un acuífero poroso heterogéneo, con una gama de conductividades hidráulicas, es subyacente a un acuífero de roca fracturada. La química del agua subterránea está influenciada principalmente por la meteorización de los silicatos y depende de los tiempos de residencia del agua subterránea relacionados con las conductividades hidráulicas del acuífero poroso. El agua subterránea fluye desde la ladera al río durante la mayor parte del año. Mientras que el agua de las inundaciones cerca del río se deriva principalmente del flujo de banco del río, el agua de la inundación a una mayor distancia del río proviene principalmente de la precipitación y de la descarga del agua subterránea. Los efectos de la evaporación en el agua de inundación se incrementan con el aumento de la distancia creciente al río. En general, la contribución de las inundaciones y de las corrientes de agua a la recarga de las aguas subterráneas es insignificante. En términos de una intensificación de las actividades agrícolas en el humedal, se pueden extraer varias conclusiones del modelo conceptual. Los resultados de este estudio son valiosos como base para investigaciones adicionales relacionadas con las interacciones agua subterránea/agua superficial y el modelo conceptual puede utilizarse en el futuro para establecer modelos numéricos de flujo y transporte.

摘要

了解湿地地下水/地表水相互作用至关重要,因为湿地不仅为农业生产提供了巨大的潜力,而且还提供了敏感和宝贵的生态系统。坦桑尼亚Kilombero河漫滩湿地尤其如此,这个湿地缺乏水文和水文地质数据。在此进行了基于示踪剂评价结果的水文地质和综合性研究,为了建立Kilombero流域东北部Ifakara市周围地区水文地质概念湿地模型。在研究区内,具有范围宽阔的水力传导率的异质孔隙含水层下伏着断裂岩含水层。地下水化学成分主要受到硅酸盐风化的影响,取决于与孔隙含水层水力传导率相关的地下水滞留时间。一年中大部分时间地下水从山坡流入河流。靠近河流的洪水主要来源于河流的漫滩流,而离河流较远的洪水主要源于降水和地下水排泄。洪水中的蒸发影响随着离河流的距离增加而增加。总的来说,洪水和河水对地下水补给的贡献微不足道。在强化湿地农业活动方面,可以从概念模型中得出几条结论。本研究结果作为进一步研究地下水/地表水相互作用的基础非常珍贵,概念模型将来可用于建立数值水流和运移模型。

Resumo

Compreender as interações entre águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais em áreas úmidas é crucial, pois áreas úmidas fornecem não só um alto potencial para a produção agrícola, mas também ecossistemas sensíveis e valiosos. Isto é especialmente verdadeiro para a área úmida da planície de inundação de Kilombero na Tanzânia, que representa uma região com escassez de dados em termos de dados hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos. Uma abordagem abrangente combinando avaliações hidrogeológicas com base em traçadores foi realizada, a fim de desenvolver um modelo hidrogeológico conceitual de áreas úmidas da área ao redor da cidade Ifakara na região nordeste da bacia hidrográfica de Kilombero. Dentro da área de estudo, um aquífero poroso, heterogêneo, com uma gama de condutividades hidráulicas, está subjacente a um aquífero de rocha fraturada. A química das águas subterrâneas é influenciada principalmente por intempéries de silicato e depende dos tempos de residência das águas subterrâneas, relacionadas as condutividades hidráulicas do aquífero poroso. As águas subterrâneas fluem da encosta para o rio durante a maior parte do ano. Enquanto a água da inundação perto do rio é derivada principalmente do fluxo excedente do rio, a uma maior distância do rio, a água de inundação é originada principalmente por precipitação e descarga subterrânea. Os efeitos da evapotranspiração na água de inundação aumentam com o aumento da distância do rio. No geral, a contribuição da água de inundação e água do curso d’agua é insignificante. Em termos de intensificação de atividades agrícolas na área úmida, várias conclusões podem ser extraídas do modelo conceitual. Os resultados desse estudo são valiosos como base para novas pesquisas relacionadas a interação entre águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais e o modelo conceitual pode ser usado no futuro para criar modelos numéricos de fluxo e transporte.

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Acknowledgements

This study was conducted in the context of the BMBF-funded project “GlobE – Wetlands in East Africa” (FKZ: 031A250 A-H). The authors would like to thank the Rufji Basin Water Board (RBWB) for the provision of drilling log and pumping test data. Furthermore, we thank the organization MSABI (Maji Safi Akwa Bora Ifakara) for the opportunity to install groundwater level sensors in their wells and their kind help regarding technical and logistical issues. Additionally, we would like to thank the whole GlobE Team for the great support in the field. Here, we would like to name especially Salome Misana, Constanze Leemhuis, Andrea Rechenburg, Kristian Näschen, Francis Kimaro, John Sama, Novatus Mwangeta, Dittrick Mwingira, Julius Kwesiga, and Kristina Grotelüschen. Furthermore, we thank Esther Amler for the provision of the delineated floodplain layer and Laura Heiß for her help during laboratory and desktop work. We would also like to thank Tina Geißler and Katharina Liedtke, who contributed to this study with their master theses. Additionally, we thank Saskia Noorduijn and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable contributions to this article.

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Burghof, S., Gabiri, G., Stumpp, C. et al. Development of a hydrogeological conceptual wetland model in the data-scarce north-eastern region of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Hydrogeol J 26, 267–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1649-2

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