Abstract
A groundwater flow model of the Alpine valley aquifer in the Aosta Plain (NW Italy) showed that well pumping can induce river streamflow depletions as a function of well location. Analysis of the water budget showed that ∼80% of the water pumped during 2 years by a selected well in the downstream area comes from the baseflow of the main river discharge. Alluvial aquifers hosted in Alpine valleys fall within a particular hydrogeological context where groundwater/surface-water relationships change from upstream to downstream as well as seasonally. A transient groundwater model using MODFLOW2005 and the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package is here presented, aimed at investigating water exchanges between the main regional river (Dora Baltea River, a left-hand tributary of the Po River), its tributaries and the underlying shallow aquifer, which is affected by seasonal oscillations. The three-dimensional distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was obtained by means of a specific coding system within the database TANGRAM. Both head and flux targets were used to perform the model calibration using PEST. Results showed that the fluctuations of the water table play an important role in groundwater/surface-water interconnections. In upstream areas, groundwater is recharged by water leaking through the riverbed and the well abstraction component of the water budget changes as a function of the hydraulic conditions of the aquifer. In downstream areas, groundwater is drained by the river and most of the water pumped by wells comes from the base flow component of the river discharge.
Résumé
Un modèle d’écoulement de l’eau souterraine de l’aquifère de la vallée Alpine de la Plaine d’Aoste (NW de l’Italie) a montré que les pompages dans des puits peuvent provoquer des réductions du débit de la rivière en fonction de l’emplacement des puits. L’analyze du bilan hydrologique a mis en évidence le fait que ∼80% de l’eau pompée pendant deux ans par un puits sélectionné dans la zone avale, provient de l’écoulement de base de la rivière. Les aquifères alluviaux localisés dans des vallées alpines sont caractérisés par un contexte hydrogéologique particulier, où les relations eaux souterraines/eaux de surface changent d’amont en aval ainsi que de manière saisonnière. Un modèle hydrogéologique en régime transitoire, utilisant MODFLOW2005 et le module d’écoulement de surface (SFR2) est. ici présenté, et vise à examiner les échanges entre la principale rivière régionale (La rivière Dora Baltea, un affluent du Po), ses affluents et l’aquifère superficiel sous-jacent, qui est. affecté par des oscillations saisonnières. La distribution tridimensionnelle de la conductivité hydraulique de l’aquifère a été obtenue à partir d’un système de codage spécifique dans la base de données TANGRAM. Les charges hydrauliques et les écoulements ont été utilisés pour calibrer le modèle en utilisant PEST. Les résultats ont montré que les fluctuations de la nappe jouent un rôle important dans des interconnexions eaux souterraines/eaux de surface. Dans les zones amont, l’aquifère est. rechargé par l’infiltration d’eau à travers le lit de la rivière et la composante d’exploitation au puits du bilan hydrologique évolue en fonction des conditions hydrauliques de l’aquifère. Dans des zones aval, l’eau souterraine est. drainée par la rivière et la majeure partie de l’eau pompée par les puits provient de la composante de l’écoulement de base de la rivière.
Resumen
Un modelo de flujo de agua subterránea del acuífero del valle alpino en la llanura de Aosta (NW de Italia) mostró que el bombeo de pozos puede inducir la disminución del flujo de los ríos en función de la ubicación de los pozos. El análisis del balance de agua mostró que el 80% del agua bombeada durante dos años por un pozo seleccionado en el área aguas abajo proviene del flujo base de la descarga principal del río. Los acuíferos aluviales alojados en los valles alpinos se encuentran dentro de un contexto hidrogeológico particular en el que las relaciones agua subterránea / agua superficial cambian de aguas arriba a aguas abajo, así como estacionalmente. Aquí se presenta un modelo de agua subterránea transitorio con MODFLOW2005 y el paquete Streamflow-Routing (SFR2), destinado a investigar los intercambios regionales de agua entre el río principal (Dora Baltea, afluente de margen izquierda del río Po), sus afluentes y el acuífero somero subyacente, afectado por oscilaciones estacionales. La distribución tridimensional de la conductividad hidráulica del acuífero se obtuvo por medio de un sistema de codificación específico dentro de la base de datos TANGRAM. Tanto la carga hidráulica y los orígenes del flujo se utilizaron para realizar la calibración del modelo utilizando PEST. Los resultados mostraron que las fluctuaciones de la capa freática desempeñan un papel importante en las interconexiones entre aguas subterráneas y aguas superficiales. En las zonas aguas arriba, el agua subterránea es recargada por la filtración de agua a través del lecho del río y el componente de captación del pozo del balance del agua cambia en función de las condiciones hidráulicas del acuífero. En las áreas aguas abajo, el agua subterránea es drenada por el río y la mayor parte del agua bombeada por los pozos proviene del componente de flujo básico de la descarga del río.
摘要
(意大利西北)Aosta平原阿尔卑斯山山谷含水层地下水流模型显示,根据水井位置不同,水井抽水能够引起河流径流枯竭。水平衡分析显示,两年间从下游选定的一口井抽取的水大约80%来自主要河流排泄的基流。位于阿尔卑斯山山谷的冲积含水层处于特殊的水文地质环境下,在这里地下水/地表水相互关系从上游到下游发生变化,并且也有季节性变化。这里展示了采用MODFLOW2005和Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package的瞬时地下水模型,目的就是调查主要主要区域河流(Dora Baltea河,Po河左手边的支流)、及其支流以及下伏的浅层含水层,下伏浅层含水层受季节性振幅的影响。通过TANGRAM数据库内特殊的编码系统获取了含水层水力传导率的三维分布情况。利用水头和通量指标采用PEST进行了模型校正。结果显示,水位的波动在地下水/地表水相互作用中发挥了重要的作用。在上游区,水通过河床渗漏补给地下水,水平衡中水井抽水成分随着含水层水力条件的不同而变化。在下游区,地下水通过河流排泄,水井抽取的大部分水来自河流排泄的基流成分。
Riassunto
Il modello di flusso delle acque sotterranee riferito all’acquifero Alpino della Piana d’Aosta (Italia NO) ha mostrato che il pompaggio può indurre riduzioni della portata del fiume in funzione della posizione del pozzo. L’analisi del bilancio idrico ha mostrato che circa l’80% dell’acqua pompata da un pozzo nella zona a valle viene dal deflusso di base del fiume principale. Gli acquiferi alluvionali ospitati in valli Alpine si trovano all’interno di particolari contesti idrogeologici dove le relazioni tra acque sotterranee e superficiali cambiano da monte a valle idrogeologico, ma anche stagionalmente. Viene presentato un modello di flusso transitorio che usa MODFLOW2005 e il pacchetto Stream-Flow (SFR2) con l’obiettivo di investigare gli scambi d’acqua tra il principale fiume della regione (Dora Baltea, affluente sinistro del fiume Po), i suoi affluenti e la sottostante falda acquifera la quale è caratterizzata da ampie oscillazioni stagionali. Attraverso l’uso di uno specifico database chiamato TANGRAM è stata ottenuta la distribuzione tridimensionale della conducibilità idraulica dell’acquifero. Il modello è stato calibrato utilizzando sia target di carico idraulico sia di flusso impiegando il codice PEST. I risultati mostrano che le fluttuazioni della tavola d’acqua hanno un ruolo importante nelle interazioni tra acque sotterranee e superficiali. Nell’area a monte, la falda è ricaricata mediante percolazione da subalveo e l’analisi del bilancio idrico ha evidenziato che l’acqua estratta da un pozzo presente in quest’area proviene da elementi diversi del bilancio idrogeologico in funzione delle condizioni idrauliche in cui si trova l’acquifero. Nella zona a valle, la falda è drenata dal fiume è la maggior parte dell’acqua emunta dai pozzi proviene dalla componente del deflusso di base della portata totale del fiume.
Resumo
Um modelo de fluxo de águas subterrâneas do aquífero no vale Alpino, planície de Aosta (NO da Itália), mostrou que o bombeamento pode induzir depleções do fluxo fluvial em função da localização do poço. Análises do balanço hídrico mostraram que cerca de 80% da água bombeada, durante dois anos, por um poço selecionado na área a jusante vem do fluxo de base da descarga do rio principal. Aquíferos aluviais hospedados em vales Alpinos se enquadram em um contexto hidrogeológico particular, onde as relações águas subterrâneas/superficiais mudam de montante para jusante, assim como mudam sazonalmente. Um modelo transiente de águas subterrâneas que utiliza MODFLOW2005 e o pacote Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) é aqui apresentado, com o objetivo de investigar trocas de água entre o rio regional principal (Rio Dora Baltea, um afluente a esquerda do Rio Po), seus afluentes e o subjacente aquífero raso, que é afetado por oscilações sazonais. A distribuição tridimensional da condutividade hidráulica do aquífero foi obtida por meio de um sistema de codificação específico dentro da base de dados TANGRAM. Ambos os valores de carga hidráulica e fluxo foram utilizados para executar a calibração do modelo usando PEST. Resultados mostraram que as flutuações do nível de água desempenham um papel importante nas interconexões entre águas subterrâneas/superficiais. Nas áreas à montante, as águas subterrâneas são recarregadas por escoamento de água através do leito do rio e a componente captação do poço do balanço hídrico muda em função das condições hidráulicas do aquífero. Nas áreas à jusante, as águas subterrâneas são drenadas pelo rio e a maior parte da água bombeada pelos poços vem do componente de fluxo de base da descarga do rio.
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Acknowledgements
Funding was provided through the scientific collaboration number 2-18-2009100-3 with the Regional Environmental Protection Agency - Aosta Valley Region. The authors are grateful to Sara Taviani, University of Milano-Bicocca, for the support received. The Gocad Research Group and Paradigm Geophysical are acknowledged for welcoming the University of Milano-Bicocca into the Gocad Consortium (http://www.ring-team.org/home).
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Stefania, G.A., Rotiroti, M., Fumagalli, L. et al. Modeling groundwater/surface-water interactions in an Alpine valley (the Aosta Plain, NW Italy): the effect of groundwater abstraction on surface-water resources. Hydrogeol J 26, 147–162 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1633-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1633-x