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Karez (qanat) irrigation in the Helmand River Basin, Afghanistan: a vanishing indigenous legacy

L’irrigation Karez (qanat) dans le Bassin de la Rivière Helmand en Afghanistan: un héritage indigène en voie de disparition

Riego por Karez (qanat) en la cuenca del río Helmand, Afganistán: una herencia indígena en desaparición

阿富汗赫尔曼德河流域的坎儿井灌溉:正在消失的本地固有的遗产

Irrigação por karez (qanat) na Bacia do Rio Helmand, Afeganistão: um legado nativo em desaparecimento

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Abstract

A karez is a gently sloping tunnel into a hillside with a series of vertical shafts. At the upstream end, the karez depresses the water table such that groundwater enters the tunnel. Farmers all over Afghanistan have built and managed karezes for centuries using indigenous knowledge. This report focuses on karezes in the Helmand River Basin in southern Afghanistan, and describes the location of karezes in relation to geology, technological and managerial aspects of karez irrigation, and their current status. Karez irrigation has declined in recent decades due to the following: a prolonged reduction in precipitation, increase in number of boreholes that lower the water table below the karez tunnel, breakdown in community-based management, and reduced maintenance. Systematic field measurements are a challenge in the Helmand Basin due to security constraints. The current condition and management of the karezes have been assessed through short field visits and structured focus-group discussions with karez farmers and staff from provincial departments. The surveys indicate that over half of the karezes in the Helmand Basin have gone dry. Furthermore, the flow in karezes that are still operational has also declined significantly. The report demonstrates the value of using data from the US National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis 1 project, to estimate historic precipitation for various karez zones in this data-poor basin. Strategies for rehabilitating karezes are discussed. Rehabilitation is financially expensive in comparison to drilling new boreholes, but karezes are part of the national heritage of Afghanistan and can facilitate social cohesion.

Résumé

Un karez est un tunnel à pente douce creusé dans une colline avec une série de puits verticaux. A l’extrémité amont, le karez abaisse le niveau de la nappe de telle sorte que les eaux souterraines pénètrent dans le tunnel. Partout en Afghanistan les agriculteurs ont construit et géré des karez depuis des siècles en utilisant les connaissances indigènes. Cet article met l’accent sur les karez du bassin versant de la rivière Helmand dans le Sud de l’Afghanistan, et décrit la localisation des karez en relation avec la géologie, les aspects technologiques et de gestion de l’irrigation à l’aide des karez, et leur état actuel. L’irrigation Karez a décliné au cours des dernières décennies en raison de: une réduction prolongée des précipitations, une augmentation du nombre de forages qui abaissent le niveau piézométrique en-dessous du tunnel du karez, une rupture dans la gestion communautaire, et un entretien réduit. Des mesures systématiques de terrain constituent un défi dans le bassin de Helmand en raison des contraintes sécuritaires. L’état et la gestion actuels des karez ont été évalués grâce à de courtes visites sur le terrain et des discussions avec des groupes cibles structurés: agriculteurs et personnels des ministères provinciaux. Les sondages indiquent que plus de la moitié des karez dans le bassin Helmand sont asséchés. En outre, l’écoulement dans les karez qui sont encore opérationnels a également diminué de manière significative. Cet article démontre la valeur de l’utilisation de données provenant du projet de Réanalyse 1 des centres nationaux pour la prévision environnementale des Etats-Unis, pour estimer les chroniques de précipitation pour différentes zones de karez dans ce bassin pauvre en données. Les stratégies pour la réhabilitation des karez sont discutées. La réhabilitation est financièrement coûteuse par rapport au coût de nouveaux forages, mais les karez font partie du patrimoine national de l’Afghanistan et peuvent faciliter la cohésion sociale.

Resumen

Un karez es un túnel de poca profundidad en una ladera con una serie de ejes verticales. En el extremo de aguas arriba, el karez deprime el nivel freático tal que el agua subterránea entre en el túnel. Los agricultores de todo Afganistán han construido y gestionado por siglos los karezes utilizando el conocimiento indígena. Este trabajo se centra en los karezes de la cuenca del río Helmand, en el sur de Afganistán, y describe la ubicación de karezes en relación con la geología, los aspectos tecnológicos y de gestión de la irrigación por karez, y su estado actual. La irrigación por karez ha disminuido en las últimas décadas debido a: una reducción prolongada de las precipitaciones, aumento del número de pozos que deprimen el nivel freático por debajo del túnel del karez, ruptura en la gestión basada en la comunidad, y un mantenimiento reducido. Mediciones sistemáticas de campo son un desafío en la Cuenca del Río Helmand debido a las restricciones en la seguridad. La condición actual y la gestión de los karezes se han evaluado a través de cortas visitas de campo y a discusiones con grupos focales estructurados con los agricultores de karez y el personal de los departamentos provinciales. Las encuestas indican que más de la mitad de los karezes en la Cuenca de Helmand han quedado secos. Por otra parte, el flujo también ha disminuido significativamente en los karezes que aún están en funcionamiento. El trabajo demuestra el valor de usar los datos del U.S. National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) en el proyecto 1 Reanálisis, para estimar la precipitación histórica para diversas zonas de karez en esta cuenca con pobres datos. Se discuten las estrategias para la rehabilitación de los karezes. La rehabilitación es económicamente costosa en comparación con la perforación de nuevos pozos, pero los karezes son parte del patrimonio nacional de Afganistán y pueden facilitar la cohesión social.

摘要

坎儿井是一个缓慢倾斜的通向山坡的隧道,具有一系列垂直的立井。在上游末端,坎儿井使水位降低,地下水流入隧道。阿富汗农民几百年来利用乡土知识构建可管理的坎儿井。本文着重论述了阿富汗南部赫尔曼德河流域的坎儿井,描述了与坎儿井灌溉的地质条件、技术和管理层面相关的坎儿井位置及目前状态。坎儿井灌溉最近几十年呈下降趋势,这是因为:降水持续减少、钻孔数量增加,使水位低于坎儿井隧道,基于社区管理的崩溃及年久失修。由于安全的限制,系统的野外测量是赫尔曼德河流域一个挑战。通过对坎儿井的短期野外调查和与农民和省部门官员的有组织专题小组讨论,对坎儿井的现状和管理进行了评价。调查表明,赫尔曼德河流域一半以上的坎儿井已经干涸。此外,仍然在使用的坎儿井的流量也大幅度下降。本文论述了使用美国环境预测再分析国家中心一个项目资料的价值,估算了这个资料缺乏的流域各种坎儿井带历史降水量。论述了修复坎儿井策略。经济上看,修复坎儿井比打新井还要昂贵,但是,坎儿井是阿富汗国家遗产的一部分,可促进社会凝聚力。

Resumo

Um karez é um túnel levemente inclinado dentro de uma vertente com uma série de poços verticais. Na extremidade à montante, o karez intercepta o lençol freático de tal forma que as águas subterrâneas entram no túnel. Agricultores por todo Afeganistão tem construído e administrado karezes por séculos usando conhecimentos tradicionais. Esse artigo foca nos karezes da Bacia do Rio Helmand no sul do Afeganistão, e descreve a localização dos karezes em relação à geologia, aspectos técnicos e de manejo da irrigação por karez, e seu estado atual. A irrigação por karez tem diminuído nas últimas décadas em razão: da redução prolongada da precipitação, do aumento no número de poços que rebaixam o lençol freático abaixo do túnel do karez, do colapso das organizações comunitárias, e da redução na manutenção. Medidas sistemáticas à campo são um desafio na Bacia do Helmand por razões de segurança. A condição atual e a administração dos karezes tem sido verificadas em curtas visitas de campo e em grupos de discussão estruturados com os agricultores de karez e pessoal dos departamentos provinciais. O levantamento indicou que quase metade dos karezes da Bacia do Helmand tornaram-se secos. Além disso, o fluxo dos karezes ainda em operação diminuiu significativamente. O artigo demonstra o valor do uso de informações do U.S. National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis 1 project, para estimar a precipitação histórica para várias zonas de karez nessa bacia pobre em dados. Estratégias para reabilitar os karezes são discutidas. Recuperação é financeiramente caro em comparação com a perfuração de novos poços, mas karezes são parte do patrimônio nacional do Afeganistão e podem facilitar a coesão social.

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Acknowledgements

The report is based on the authors’ work experience from the Helmand River Basin Master Plan Project (HRBMP, 2011–2013) that was based in Kabul and Lashkar Gah, Afghanistan. The project was executed by Mott MacDonald (Cambridge, UK) for the Ministry of Energy and Water (Kabul) and supported by the Asian Development Bank and DFID UK-Aid. It should be noted that this report only reflects the views of the authors which do not necessarily agree with the views of the aforementioned organisations. The karez farmers and staff from the provincial water and agriculture ministries (listed in Table 1) are highly appreciated for participating in meetings and focus group discussions. The Organisation for Sustainable Development and Research (OSDR) did the field surveys and FGD for the HRBMP in Uruzgan, Farah and Nimroz provinces. All other surveys and FGD were done by HRBMP Project staff. Simon Howarth, Jane Dottridge and two anonymous reviewers commented on an earlier version of this report. The reviewers are thanked for their valuable comments.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 3 Outcome focus group discussions with karez farmers in Helmand Province in November and December 2012
Table 4 Outcome of focus group discussions with karez farmers in Helmand Province in November and December 2012

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Goes, B.J.M., Parajuli, U.N., Haq, M. et al. Karez (qanat) irrigation in the Helmand River Basin, Afghanistan: a vanishing indigenous legacy. Hydrogeol J 25, 269–286 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1490-z

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