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Conceptual groundwater flow model of the Mekelle Paleozoic–Mesozoic sedimentary outlier and surroundings (northern Ethiopia) using environmental isotopes and dissolved ions

Modèle conceptuel hydrogéologique d’écoulements des formations sédimentaires Paléozoique–Mésozoique de Mekelle et environs (nord de l’Éthiopie) par l’utilisation des isotopes environnementaux et ions dissous

Modelo conceptual de flujo de agua subterránea en el afloramiento sedimentario del Paleozoico–Mesozoico de Mekelle y alrededores (norte de Etiopía) usando isótopos ambientales e iones disueltos

利用环境同位素和溶解离子建立(埃塞俄比亚北部)Mekelle古生代–中生代沉积外露层及周边地区地下水流概念模型

Modelo concetual de fluxo de água subterrânea do afloramento sedimentar Paleo–Mesozóico de Mekelle e imediações (norte da Etiópia) através do uso de isótopos ambientais e de iões dissolvidos

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Abstract

A wide range of lithologic units and tectonic disturbances by cross-cutting faults and folds has resulted in the quite complex hydrogeological setting of the sedimentary outlier and its surroundings at Mekelle, northern Ethiopia. The environmental isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen and patterns of dissolved ion concentrations in the groundwater, coupled with understanding of the three-dimensional geological framework, are used to conceptualize the groundwater flow model and recharge–discharge mechanisms in the area. In agreement with the piezometric-surface map, recharge areas are determined to be the highlands (northwest, north, east and south of the study area), characterized by relatively more depleted isotopic compositions, higher d-excess, and lower concentrations of dissolved ions in the groundwater samples; the narrow major river valleys of Giba, Illala, Chelekot and Faucea Mariam are discharge areas. The groundwater divide between the Tekeze and the Denakil basins coincides with the surface-water divide line of these two basins. In most cases, groundwater feeds the semi-perennial streams and rivers in the area. However, isotopic signatures in some wells indicate that there are localities where river flow and seepage from micro-dams locally feed the adjacent aquifers. The lithostratigraphic, geomorphologic, isotopic and hydrochemical settings observed in this study indicate that three groundwater flow systems (shallow/local, intermediate and deep/semi-regional) can exist here. Tritium data indicate that the groundwater in the study area has generally short residence time and is dependent on modern precipitation.

Résumé

Une large gamme d’unités lithologiques et de perturbations tectoniques par des failles et plis entrecroisés créent un schéma hydrogéologique relativement complexe de formations sédimentaires aux environs de Mekelle, nord de l’Éthiopie. Les isotopes environnementaux de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène et le schéma des concentrations en ions dissous dans les eaux souterraines, couplés avec la compréhension du schéma géologique tridimensionnel, ont été utilisés pour conceptualiser le modèle des écoulements souterrains et les mécanismes de recharge et décharge dans cette région. En accord avec la carte piézométrique, les zones de recharge ont été délimitées dans les montagnes (nord-est, nord, est et sud de la zone d’étude), caractérisées par une composition isotopique relativement appauvrie, un excès en deutérium élevé et de faibles concentrations en ions dissous dans les eaux souterraines; les étroites vallées des rivières principales Giba, Illala, Chelekot et Faucea Mariam sont les lieux de décharge. La zone de partage des écoulements souterrains entre les bassins de Tekeze et Denakil coïncide avec la zone de partage des eaux de surface de ces deux bassins versants. Dans la plupart des cas, les eaux souterraines alimentent les fleuves et rivières semi-pérennes de cette région. Toutefois, les signatures isotopiques de quelques puits indiquent qu’il y a des localités où les flux de rivières et les infiltrations de micro-barrages alimentent localement les aquifères limitrophes. Le cadre litho-stratigraphique, géomorphologique, isotopique et hydrochimique décrit dans cette étude indique que trois systèmes de flux d’eau souterraine (peu profond/local, intermédiaire, profond/semi-régional) peuvent coexister ici. Les données de tritium indiquent que les eaux souterraines de cette région d’étude ont généralement un court temps de résidence et dépendent des précipitations actuelles.

Resumen

Un amplio rango de unidades litológicas y de perturbaciones tectónicas por fallas transversales y pliegues ha resultado en una configuración hidrogeológica muy compleja del afloramiento sedimentario y sus alrededores en Mekelle, en el norte de Etiopía. Se usaron los isótopos ambientales de oxígeno e hidrógeno y sus patrones de concentraciones de iones disueltos en el agua subterránea, conjuntamente con la comprensión del marco geológico tridimensional, para conceptualizar el modelo de flujo de agua subterránea y los mecanismos de recarga – descarga en el área. De acuerdo con el mapa de la superficie piezométrica, las áreas de recarga se determinaron para las tierras altas (norte, este, y sur del área de estudio), caracterizadas por una composición de isótopos relativamente más empobrecidas, mayores excesos de deuterio, y bajas concentraciones de iones disueltos en las muestras de agua subterránea; los estrechos valles de los ríos principales de Giba, Illala, Chelekot y Faucea Mariam son áreas de descarga. La divisoria de agua subterránea entre las cuencas de Tekeze y Denakil coincide con las líneas de divisorias de agua superficial de estas dos cuencas. En la mayoría de los casos, el agua subterránea alimenta a corrientes y ríos semipermanentes en el área. Sin embargo, las firmas isotópicas en algunos pozos indican que hay localidades donde el flujo del río y la filtración desde micro presas alimentan localmente a los acuíferos adyacentes. Las configuraciones litoestratigráfica, geomorfológica, isotópica e hidroquímica observadas en este estudio indican que allí pueden existir tres sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea (somero / local, intermedio y profundo / semi-regional) pueden existir aquí. Los datos de tritio indican que el agua subterránea en el área de estudio tiene generalmente un tiempo de residencia corto y depende de las precipitaciones actuales.

摘要

大范围的岩性单元及横切断层和皱褶造成的构造扰动使埃塞俄比亚北部沉积外露层及周边地区的水文地质背景相当复杂。地下水中的氧和氢环境同位素及溶解离子含量,加上对三维地质结构的认识,用来概念化地下水流模型和本地的补给-排泄机理。与压力水面图相符,补给区处于(研究区西北部、北部、东部和南部的)高地,特点就是地下水样品中同位素组分相对枯竭,氚含量较高以及溶解离子较低;Giba, Illala, Chelekot 和 Faucea Mariam狭窄的主要河谷是排泄区。Tekeze流域和Denakil之间的地下水分水岭与这两个流域的地表分水线相一致。在大部分情况下,地下水补给本地区的半常流河。然而,一些井中的同位素特征显示有些地方河水水流和小型水坝的渗流局部上补给毗邻的含水层。本研究中观测到的岩性地层、地貌、同位素和水化学背景表明,这里可能存在着三个地下水流系统(浅层/局部系统、中间系统和深层/半区域系统)。氚资料显示研究区的地下水通常停留时间较短,这取决于现代降水量。

Resumo

Uma grande gama de unidades litológicas e de distúrbios tectónicos causados por falhas e dobras que afetam as estruturas geológicas resultaram num ambiente hidrogeológico muito complexo dos afloramentos sedimentares e das unidades envolventes em Mekelle, no norte da Etiópia. Os isótopos ambientais de oxigénio e hidrogénio e os padrões das concentrações dos iões dissolvidos na água subterrânea, acoplados ao conhecimento da estrutura geológica tridimensional, são usados para concetualizar o modelo de fluxo e os mecanismos de recarga-descarga na área. De acordo com o mapa da superfície piezométrica, as áreas de recarga são determinadas pelas terras altas (noroeste, norte, este e sul da área de estudo), caraterizadas por uma composição isotópica relativamente mais deficitária, maior excesso de d e menores concentrações de iões dissolvidos nas amostras de água subterrânea; os vales estreitos dos rios principais, o Giba, o Illala, o Chelekot e o Faucea Mariam, correspondem a áreas de descarga. A divisória de águas subterrâneas entre as bacias de Tekeze e de Denakil coincide com a divisória das águas superficiais destas duas bacias. Na maior parte dos casos, a água subterrânea alimenta os fluxos semi-perenes e os rios da área. No entanto, as assinaturas isotópicas nalguns poços indicam que há locais onde o fluxo dos rios e a drenância a partir de micro-barragens alimentam localmente os aquíferos adjacentes. As estruturas litoestratigráficas, geomorfológicas, isotópicas e hidroquímicas observadas neste estudo indicam que podem existir aqui três sistemas de fluxo de água subterrânea (pouca profundidade/local, intermédio e profundo/semi-regional). Os dados de trítio indicam que a água subterrânea na área de estudo tem geralmente um tempo de residência curto e que é dependente de precipitação moderna.

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Acknowledgements

The results presented here are part of ongoing PhD research work at Adiss Ababa University (Ethiopia) and Ruhr Universitat Bochum (Germany) and are supported by the German Academic Exchange service (DAAD). Therefore, the authors would like to acknowledge the financial, logistical and laboratory support of these institutions. We also thank the three anonymous reviewers and the editors of the Hydrogeology Journal for their constructive comments and suggestions.

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Correspondence to Ermias Girmay.

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Girmay, E., Ayenew, T., Kebede, S. et al. Conceptual groundwater flow model of the Mekelle Paleozoic–Mesozoic sedimentary outlier and surroundings (northern Ethiopia) using environmental isotopes and dissolved ions. Hydrogeol J 23, 649–672 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1243-4

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