Skip to main content
Log in

Hydraulic evaluation of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with urban stormwater in a brackish limestone aquifer

  • Report
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A 5-year aquifer storage and recovery trial at Andrews Farm in South Australia involving the injection of more than 250 ML (250,000 m3) of fresh but turbid stormwater into a brackish limestone aquifer over 4 years and recovery of 150 ML in the fifth provided the opportunity to evaluate rates of clogging and unclogging and the potential to recover water suitable for irrigation supplies. Results reveal there is some clogging by injected sediment, but only to a relatively small degree considering the high suspended solid concentrations and moderate aquifer transmissivity. This clogging was offset by increased matrix porosity through calcite dissolution and by routine well redevelopments after each 40 ML of injection. No significant microbial clogging occurred. Breakthrough responses at three observation wells and the proportion of injectant in the recovered water were determined from chloride data. Temperature and caliper profiles clearly indicate the heterogeneous nature of the aquifer that is attributed, in part, to sand removal during the initial well development. The recovery efficiency was greater than 60%. The trial demonstrates that urban stormwater containing high and variable particulate levels, which receives only passive pre-treatment and is not disinfected, can be used to freshen a heterogeneous brackish aquifer to create a useful water resource.

Résumé

Un essai d’injection et de récuperation a été réalisé sur cinq ans sur le site de la ferme Andrews dans le sud de l’Australie. Plus de 250 ML (250,000 m3) d’eau pluviale d’orage, douce mais turbide, ont été injectés dans un aquifère calcaire saumâtre, sur une période de quatre ans, suivie d’une récupération de 150 ML la cinquième année. L’essai a permis d’évaluer les taux de colmatage et de décolmatage ainsi que la possibilité de disposer d’eau pouvant être utilisée pour l’irrigation. Les résultats montrent un colmatage par les sédiments injectés, cependant à un faible degré si on considère les concentrations élevées de matières en suspension et la transmissivité moyenne de l’aquifère. Ce colmatage était compensé par l’augmentation de la porosité de la matrice due à la dissolution du calcaire et par des développements réguliers de l’ouvrage après chaque injection de 40ML. Aucun colmatage microbien important n’a été observé. La réaction aux trois puits d’observation et le taux de dilution avec la nappe naturelle ont été déterminés grâce aux chlorures. Les profils de la température et du diamètre du puits montrent clairement la nature hétérogène de l’aquifère, laquelle s’explique en partie par un désensablement lors du développement initial de l’ouvrage. Le rendement de la récupération fut supérieure à 60%. L’essai démontre que de l’eau pluviale urbaine, présentant des niveaux élevés et variables de particules, après un traitement passif et non désaffectée, peut être utilisée pour adoucir un aquifère saumâtre hétérogène et constituer une importante ressource en eau.

Resumen

Una prueba de abastamiento y recuperación de cinco años en un acuífero en Andrews Farm en South Australia que involucró la inyección de más de 250 ML de agua pluvial fresca pero túrbida a un acuífero de caliza de agua salina por cuatro años y la recuperación de 150 ML en el quinto año proporciona la oportunidad de evaluar tasas de obstrucción y desobstrucciòn y el potencial de recuperar agua adecuada para irrigación. Los resultados revelan que hay alguna obstrucción por el sedimento inyectado, pero sólo en un grado menor, considerando las concentraciones altas de sólidos suspendidos y la transmisividad moderada del acuífero. Esta obstrucción se balanceó por un incremento en la porosidad de la matriz debido a la disolución de calcita y por el redesarrollo rutinario de pozos después de cada 40 ML de inyección. No ocurrió ninguna obstrucción de microbios importante durante la prueba. La respuesta de breakthrough en tres pozos de observación y la proporción de agua inyectada en el agua recuperada se determinó por los datos de cloro. Los perfiles de temperatura y caliper demuestran claramente la naturaleza heterogénea del acuífero, que se atribuye en parte a la arena extraída durante el desarrollo de pozos inicial. La eficacia de recuperación es mayor a 60%. La prueba demuestra que las aguas pluviales urbanas que contienen niveles de partículas altas y variables que reciben solamente pretratamiento pasivo y que no se desinfectan, pueden ser utilizadas para incrementar la frescura de un acuífero con agua salina heterogéneo para crear un recurso útil de agua.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barry K, Pavelic P, Dillon P, Rattray K, Dennis K, Gerges N (2002) Aquifer storage and recovery of stormwater, Andrews Farm, South Australia: compilation of data from the 1993–98 trial. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 17/02, CSIRO, Clayton South, Australia, 172 pp with CD

  • Baveye P, Vandevivere P, Hoyle BL, DeLeo PC, Sanchez de Lozada D (1998) Environmental impact and mechanisms of the biological clogging of saturated soils and aquifer materials. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 28(2):123–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BG, Conlon KJ, Mirecki JE, Petkewich MD (1997) Evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer near Charleston, South Carolina, 1993–95, US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4283, USGS, Reston, VA, p 89

  • Dillon PJ, Pavelic P (1996) Guidelines on the quality of stormwater and treated wastewater for injection into aquifers for storage and reuse. Urban Water Research Association of Australia Research Report No. 109

  • Dillon P, Pavelic P, Sibenaler X, Gerges N, Clark R (1997) Aquifer storage and recovery of stormwater runoff. Australian Water and Wastewater Association Journal of Water 24(4):7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillon P, Pavelic P, Massmann G, Barry K, Correll R (2001) Enhancement of the membrane filtration index (MFI) method for determining the clogging potential of turbid urban stormwater and reclaimed water used for aquifer storage and recovery. Desalination 140:153–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerges NZ (1999) The geology and hydrogeology of the Adelaide metropolitan area. PhD Thesis, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

  • Gerges NZ, Sibenaler XP, Armstrong D (1995) Experience in injecting stormwater into aquifers to enhance irrigation water supplies in South Australia. In: Johnson AI, Pyne RDG (eds) Artificial recharge of groundwater II, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, 17–22 July 1994, Orlando, FL, pp 436–445

  • Harvey CF, Haggerty R, Gorelick SM (1994) Aquifer remediation: a method for estimating mass transfer rate coefficients and an evaluation of pulsed pumping. Water Resour Res 30(7):1979–1991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herczeg AL, Dillon PJ, Rattray KJ, Pavelic P, Barry KE (2004) Geochemical processes during five years of aquifer storage recovery. Ground Water 42(3):438–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson AS, Randall R (1995) Estimation of injection well clogging with the Modified Fouling Index (MFI). In: Johnson AI, Pyne RDG (eds) Artificial recharge of groundwater II, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, 17–22 July 1994, Orlando, FL, pp 710–719

  • Mirecki JE, Campbell BG, Conlon KJ, Petkewich MD (1998) Solute changes during aquifer storage recovery testing in a limestone/clastic aquifer. Ground Water 36(3):394–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsthoorn TN (1982) The clogging of recharge wells, main subjects, KIWA-Communications 72, p 150

  • Pavelic P, Dillon PJ, Simmons CT (2002) Lumped parameter estimation of initial recovery efficiency during aquifer storage and recovery. In: Dillon J (ed) Management of aquifer recharge for sustainability, Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Artificial Recharge (ISAR4), 22–26 September 2002, Adelaide, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 285–290

  • Pavelic P, Dillon PJ, Simmons CT (2006) Multi-scale characterization of a heterogeneous aquifer using an ASR operation. Ground Water 44(2):155–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavelic P, Dillon PJ, Barry KE, Vanderzalm JL, Correll RL, Rinck-Pfeiffer SM (in press). Water quality effects on clogging rates during reclaimed water ASR in a carbonate aquifer. Journal of Hydrology

  • Pérez-Paricio A, Carrera J (1999) Clogging handbook. EU Project on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, Research program on Environment and Climate, Contract ENV-CT95-0071, European Commonwealth, Brussels

  • Pyne RDG (1995) Groundwater recharge and wells: a guide to aquifer storage recovery. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, p 376

  • Rebhun M, Schwarz J (1968) Clogging and contamination processes in recharge wells. Water Resour Res 4(6):1207–1217

    Google Scholar 

  • Schippers JC, Verdouw J (1980) The modified fouling index, a method of determining the fouling characteristics of water. Desalination 32:137–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderzalm JL, Le Gal La Salle C, Dillon PJ (2006) Fate of organic matter during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) of reclaimed water in a carbonate aquifer. Applied Geochemistry 21:1204–1215

    Google Scholar 

  • van Duijvenbode SW, Olsthoorn TN (1998) Effects of natural channel bed filtration prior to deep well injection. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater (TISAR’98), 21–25 September 1998, Amsterdam, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 67–71

  • Vecchioli J (1970) A note on bacterial growth around a recharge well at Bay Park, Long Island, New York. Water Resour Res 6(5):1415–1419

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support for the project was provided by CSIRO, the Hickinbotham Group and the (then) Urban Water Research Association of Australia. The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, South Australia and the SA Water Corporation participated collaboratively in this study. Kevin Dennis and Brian Traegar assisted with the collection of field data and Zac Sibenaler with approvals. Santo Ragusa provided advice on microbial analyses, Karen Johnston, and Andrew Herczeg assisted with geochemical evaluation, Peter Hekmeijer performed some of the hydraulic calculations. Chris Barber, Henning Prommer, an associate editor and an anonymous reviewer of Hydrogeology Journal provided constructive reviews of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Pavelic.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pavelic, P., Dillon, P.J., Barry, K.E. et al. Hydraulic evaluation of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with urban stormwater in a brackish limestone aquifer. Hydrogeol J 14, 1544–1555 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0078-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0078-4

Keywords

Navigation