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Clogging microstructures in the vadose zone—laboratory and field studies

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Abstract

Long-term water infiltration into porous media, like clastic deposits, causes colmatage (clogging), which is expressed by the decrease of permeability. It is caused by progressive filling of pore spaces with fine particles carried in suspension (mechanical colmatage) and minerals precipitated from water (chemical colmatage or biochemical colmatage, when the process is affected by bacterial activity). Although this material is introduced into the sediment after deposition, it does not destroy the primary framework of it but it only coats grains and fills voids. This process results in some characteristic microstructures that are called ‘clogging microstructures’. The research included: (1) experiments on sands exposed to mechanical colmatage in laboratory conditions, which aimed to describe clogging microstructures and to examine the effects of grain size distribution on the rate and degree of clogging; (2) field and laboratory studies of deposits in which colmatage occurred in natural conditions in the infiltrating water intake ‘Dębina’ in Poznań, Poland. The main goal of the research was to identify post-depositional changes that took place in fluvial deposits affected by forced river water infiltration in the Warta River valley. Examples are presented of clogging microstructures formed in deposits affected by colmatage in the laboratory and in natural conditions.

Résumé

Dans les milieux poreux, comme les dépôts clastiques, l’infiltration d’eau entraîne un colmatage, qui se traduit par une diminution de la perméabilité. Ce phénomène est dus au remplissage progressif des pores du sol avec des particules fines transportées en suspension (colmatage mécanique) et à la précipitation de minéraux (colmatage chimique ou biochimique lorsque des bactéries participent au processus). Bien que ces éléments soient inclus dans le sédiment après son dépôt, ils ne détruisent pas la structure primaire de celui-ci mais ils remplissent les vides et habillent les grains. Ce processus permet la formation de micro structures caractéristiques appelées structures de colmatage. Cette étude inclut: (1) des expériences sur des sables soumis à un colmatage mécanique en laboratoire, ceci afin de décrire les micro structures de colmatage et permet d’étudier les effets de la distribution de la taille des grains sur le taux et l’intensité du colmatage; (2) des études sur le terrain et en laboratoire de dépôts dans lesquels le colmatage intervient dans des conditions naturelles d’infiltrations de ‘Debina’ à Poznan, Pologne. L’objet principal de cette étude est l’identification des changements post-dépôts qui interviennent dans les dépôts fluviaux affectés par l’infiltration forcée d’eau de rivière dans la vallée de la rivière de Warta. Des exemples de microstructure de colmatage formés dans les dépôts affectés par le colmatage en laboratoire et sur le terrain sont présentés.

Resumen

La infiltración de agua a largo plazo en los medios porosos, tales como los depósitos clásticos, causa colmatación (taponamiento), que se expresa por la disminución de permeabilidad. Esta es causada por el relleno progresivo de los espacios entre poros, con partículas finas llevadas en suspensión (colmatación mecánica) y por minerales precipitados a partir del agua (colmatación química o colmatación bioquímica, cuando el proceso es afectado por la actividad bacteriana). Aunque este material se introduce en el sedimento después de la depositación, no destruye el armazón primario de él, solamente cubre los granos y llena los vacíos. Este proceso produce algunas microestructuras características llamadas ‘ microestructuras de taponamiento’. La investigación incluyó: (1) experimentos en arenas expuestas a colmatación mecánica en condiciones de laboratorio, que apuntaron a describir microestructuras de taponamiento y a examinar los efectos de la distribución del tamaño de grano en la rapidez y grado de taponamiento; (2) estudios de campo y laboratorio a depósitos en los cuales sucedió la colmatación en condiciones naturales, en la toma de agua infiltrada ‘Debina’, en Poznan, Polonia. La meta principal de la investigación era identificar cambios post-deposicionales, que tuvieron lugar en los depósitos fluviales afectados por la infiltración forzada de agua de río, en el valle del Río Warta. Se presentan los ejemplos de microestructuras de taponamiento, formadas en depósitos afectados por la colmatación en el laboratorio y en condiciones naturales.

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Notes

  1. Wacławski (1970) showed that the clogging index η reaches the maximum value in the uppermost layer (0–0.05 m) and decreases with depth.

  2. The effects of the so called ‘outside colmatage’, which results in accumulation of deposits from suspension at the bottom of infiltration ponds, have been omitted here. This membrane is easily removed when the ponds are cleaned twice a year.

  3. Within algal mats, Chlorophyceae were detected (probably Spirogyra – order: Conjugatae, sub-order: Conjugataethat). They are freshwater organisms that may live in the wetlands (Szweykowska and Szweykowski, 1995).

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Acknowledgements

This article forms a part of the Ph.D. thesis supervised by Jan Przybyłek (Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geology). I would like to thank him for valuable discussions and support in research. I am also grateful to Jurand Wojewoda (Wrocław University, Institute of Geologic Studies) who got me interested in infiltration processes and who supplied unique papers. I also express special appreciation to Joanna Rotnicka (Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geology) for the review of the manuscript and some English corrections. Thorough reviews by Stefan Wohnlich and Peter Wycisk, as well as suggestions made by an anonymous reviewer, greatly improved this article, and I gratefully acknowledge their efforts. I would also like to thank Sue Duncan (Technical Editorial Advisor of Hydrogeology Journal) for editorial support. The research was supported by the Polish Scientific Research Committee (KBN – No. 6 PO4D 01814).

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Correspondence to Katarzyna Skolasińska.

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Skolasińska, K. Clogging microstructures in the vadose zone—laboratory and field studies. Hydrogeol J 14, 1005–1017 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0027-2

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