Abstract
We study numerically a continuum model for granular flow, which covers the regime of fast dilute flow as well as slow dense flow up to vanishing velocity. The constitutive relations at small and intermediate densities are equivalent to those derived from kinetic theory of granular flow. The existence of an inherent instability due to the vanishing kinetic or collisional pressure for small granular temperatures requires a cross over from a collisional pressure to an a thermal yield pressure at densities close to random close packing. Contrary to a kinetic viscosity, the viscosity turns into a function diverging for small temperatures analogous to the diverging viscosities of liquids close to the glass transition. In this respect the presented model is a simplified version of a model of Savage (J Fluid Mech 377:1–26, 1998), which nevertheless recovers many aspects of dense granular flow. As examples we show simulations of sandpiles with predictable slopes, hopper simulations with mass and core flow and angle dependent critical sand heights in flows down an inclined plane. We solve the system of the strongly nonlinear singular hydrodynamic equations with the help of a newly developed nonlinear time stepping algorithm together with a finite volume space discretization. The numerical algorithm is implemented using a finite volume solver framework developed by the authors which allows discretization on cell-centred bricks in arbitrary domains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Savage S.B.: Analysis of slow high-concentration flows of granular materials. J. Fluid Mech. 377, 1–26 (1998)
Kadanoff, L.P.: Built upon sand: theoretical ideas inspired by granular flows. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71(1) (1999)
Brilliantov N.V., Pöschel T.: Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases. Oxford Graduate Texts. Oxford University Press, Berlin (2003)
Luding S., McNamara S.: How to handle the inelastic collapse of a dissipative hard-sphere gas with the tc model. Granul. Matter 1(3), 113–128 (1998)
Luding S.: On the relevance of molecular chaos for granular flows. ZAMM 80, 9–12 (2000)
Gidaspow D.: Multiphase Flow and Fluidization. Academic Press, New York (1994)
Khain E., Meerson B.: Onset of thermal convection in a horizontal layer of granular gas. Phys. Rev. E 67(2), 021,306 (2003)
Carrillo J.A., Pöschel T., Saluena C.: Granular hydrodynamics and pattern formation in vertically oscillated granular disk layers. J. Fluid Mech. 597(1), 119–144 (2008)
Meerson B., Pöschel T., Bromberg Y.: Close-packed floating clusters: granular hydrodynamics beyond the freezing point?. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(2), 024301 (2003)
Meerson, B., Díez-Minguito, M., Schwager, T., Pöschel, T.: Close-packed granular clusters: hydrostatics and persistent gaussian fluctuations. Granul. Matter (10), 21–27 (2007)
Bocquet L., Losert W., Schalk D., Lubensky T.C., Gollub J.P.: Granular shear flow dynamics and forces: experiment and continuum theory. Phys. Rev. E 65(1), 011307 (2001)
Bocquet L., Errami J., Lubensky T.: Hydrodynamic model for a dynamical jammed-toflowing transition in gravity driven granular media. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 184301 (2002)
Schmidt, S.: On numerical simulation of granular flow. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern http://kluedo.ub.uni-kl.de/volltexte/2009/2364/ (2009)
Landau L., Lifshitz E.M.: Fluid Mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics, vol. 6. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1987)
Garzo V., Dufty J.W.: Dense fluid transport for inelastic hard spheres. Phys. Rev. E 59, 5895–5911 (1999)
Luding S.: Global equation of state of two-dimensional hard sphere systems. Phys. Rev. E 63(4), 042201 (2001)
Garcia-Rojo R., Luding S., Brey J.J.: Transport coefficients for dense hard-disk systems. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 74(6), 061305 (2006)
Khain E.: Hydrodynamics of fluid-solid coexistence in dense shear granular flow. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 75(5), 051310 (2007)
Luding S.: Towards dense, realistic granular media in 2d. Nonlinearity 22(12), R101–R146 (2009)
Fingerle A., Herminghaus S.: Equation of state of wet granular matter. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 77(1), 011306 (2008)
Dahler J.S.: Transport phenomena in a fluid composed of diatomic molecules. J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1447–1475 (1959)
Campbell C.S.: Boundary interaction for two dimensional granular flows. part1. flat boundaries, asymmetric stresses and couple stress. J. Fluid Mech. 247, 111–136 (1993)
Mitarai N., Hayakawa H., Nakanishi H.: Collisional granular flow as a micropolar fluid. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(17), 174301 (2002)
Landau L., Lifshitz E.M.: Fluid Mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics, vol. 7. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1986)
Hansen J.P., McDonald I.R.: Theory of Simple Liquids. Academic Press, New York (1986)
Khain E., Meerson B.: Shear-induced crystallization of a dense rapid granular flow: hydrodynamics beyond the melting point. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 73(6), 061301 (2006)
To be more precise for constant volume the specific heat should be replaced by the specific heat at constant volume
McNamara S., Young W.R.: Inelastic collapse in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. E 50(1), R28–R31 (1994)
Khain E., Meerson B.: Symmetry-breaking instability in a prototypical driven granular gas. Phys. Rev. E 66(2), 021306 (2002)
D’Anna G., Mayor P., Barrat A., Loretto V., Nori F.: Observing brownian motion in vibration-fluidized granular matter. Nature 424, 909–912 (2003)
Jiang Y., Liu M.: Granular solid hydrodynamics. Granul. Matter 11(3), 139–156 (2009)
Churbanov A.: A Unified Algorithm to Predict Compressible and Incompressible Flows and Incompressible Flows. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2542/2003, pp. 412–419. Springer, Berlin (2003)
Van Heul D., Vuik C., Wesseling P.: A conservative pressure-correction method for flow at all speeds. Comput. Fluids 32(8), 1113–1132 (2003)
Gastaldo, L., Babik, F., Herbin, R., Latche, J.C.: An unconditionally stable pressure correction scheme for barotropic compressible navier-stokes equations. In: ECCOMAS CFD (2006)
Daerr A., Douady S.: Two types of avalanche behaviour in granular media. Nature 399, 241–243 (1999)
GDR-MiDi: On dense granular flow. Eur. Phys. J. E 14, 341–365 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Latz, A., Schmidt, S. Hydrodynamic modeling of dilute and dense granular flow. Granular Matter 12, 387–397 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-010-0187-6
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-010-0187-6