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Hyper-gourd theory: solving simultaneously the mysteries in particle physics, biology, oncology, neurology, economics, and cosmology

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An Erratum to this article was published on 19 January 2013

Abstract

The inevitability of various particle masses for hadrons, quarks, leptons, atoms, biological molecules, liquid droplets of fossil fuel and water, living cells including microorganisms and cancers, multi-cellar systems such as organs, neural systems, and the brain, stars, galaxies, and the cosmos is synthetically revealed. This is possible because each flexible particle is commonly generated by a mode in which a larger particle breaks up into two smaller ones through a gourd shape with two lumps. These masses, sizes, frequencies, and diversity dominated by super-magic numbers including the silver ratio, in fractal nature can be derived by the fusion of the quasi-stability principle defined between absolute instability and neutral stability, the indeterminacy principle extended for quantum, statistical, and continuum mechanics, and the spherical Lie group theory. The analyses also result in a new mathematical definition of living beings and non-living systems and further explain the standard network patterns of various particles and also the relation between information, structure, and function, because the proposed theory based on gourds posits a new hyper-interdisciplinary physics that explains a very wide range of scales, while the Newton, Schrödinger, and Boltzmann equations describe only a narrow range of scales.

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Acknowledgments

This article is part of the outcome of research performed under a Waseda university Grant for special research project (2009B-206). The author thanks Mr. Hiromi Inoue and Mr. Kenji Hashimoto of Waseda University for their help on this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ookubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan

    Ken Naitoh

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  1. Ken Naitoh
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Correspondence to Ken Naitoh.

Appendix

Appendix

Various window sizes for spatial averaging, which are smaller than those for continuum approximations such as the Boltzmann and Navier–Stokes equations (deterministic equations) describing inner analytical domains vary the indeterminacy levels (degrees of vagueness for physical quantities such as parcel shape, density, pressure, and temperature). We should show a way, which determines the window size for averaging. This can be done using boundary and initial conditions, because these conditions are also indeterminant due to existing in the outer unknown region. Basically, the indeterminacy level of physical quantities in inner region is set to be identical to that of initial and boundary conditions. Several examples on the indeterminacy level are reported in our previous reports [10, 11, 15–21, 28].

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Naitoh, K. Hyper-gourd theory: solving simultaneously the mysteries in particle physics, biology, oncology, neurology, economics, and cosmology. Artif Life Robotics 17, 275–286 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-012-0056-y

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