Abstract
Consider the limit \(\varepsilon \rightarrow 0\) of the steady Boltzmann problem
where \(M_{w}(x_0,v):=\frac{1}{2\pi (T_{w}(x_0))^2}\exp \big (-\frac{|v|^2}{2T_{w}(x_0)}\big )\) for \(x_0\in \partial \Omega \) is the wall Maxwellian in the diffuse-reflection boundary condition. We normalize
In the case of \(|\nabla T_{w}|=O(\varepsilon )\), the Hilbert expansion confirms \(\mathfrak {F}\approx (2\pi )^{-\frac{3}{2}}\textrm{e}^{-\frac{|v|^2}{2}}+\varepsilon (2\pi )^{-\frac{3}{4}}\textrm{e}^{-\frac{|v|^2}{4}}\big (\rho _1+T_1\frac{|v|^2-3}{2}\big )\) where \((2\pi )^{-\frac{3}{2}}\textrm{e}^{-\frac{|v|^2}{2}}\) is a global Maxwellian and \((\rho _1,T_1)\) satisfies the celebrated Fourier law
In the natural case of \(|\nabla T_{w}|=O(1)\), for any constant \(P>0\), the Hilbert expansion leads to
where \(\mu (x,v):=\frac{\rho (x)}{(2\pi T(x))^{\frac{3}{2}}}\exp \big (-\frac{|v|^2}{2T(x)}\big )\), and \((\rho ,u_1,T)\) is determined by a Navier–Stokes–Fourier system with “ghost” effect
with the boundary condition
Here \(\kappa [T]>0\) is the heat conductivity, \((\iota _1,\iota _2)\) are two tangential variables and n is the normal variable, \(\beta _0=\beta _0[T_{w}]\) is a function of \(T_{w}\), \(\tau ^{(1)}:=\lambda \left( \nabla _{x}u_1+(\nabla _{x}u_1)^t-\frac{2}{3}(\nabla _{x}\cdot u_1)\textbf{1}\right) \) and \(\tau ^{(2)}:=\frac{\lambda ^2}{P}\left( K_1\big (\nabla _{x}^2T-\frac{1}{3}\Delta _x T\textbf{1}\big )+\frac{K_2}{T}\big (\nabla _{x}T\otimes \nabla _{x}T-\frac{1}{3}|\nabla _{x}T|^2\textbf{1}\big )\right) \) for some smooth function \(\lambda [T]>0\), the viscosity coefficient, and positive constants \(K_1\) and \(K_2\). Tangential temperature variation creates non-zero first-order velocity \(u_1\) at the boundary (0.3), which plays a surprising “ghost” effect [26, 27] in determining zeroth-order density and temperature field \((\rho ,T)\) in (0.2). Such a ghost effect cannot be predicted by the classical fluid theory, while it has been an intriguing outstanding mathematical problem to justify (0.2) from (0.1) due to fundamental analytical challenges. The goal of this paper is to construct \(\mathfrak {F}\) in the form of
for interior solutions \(f_1\), \(f_2\) and boundary layer \(f^{B}_1\), where \(\mu _w\) is \(\mu \) computed for \(T= T_{w}\), and derive equation for the remainder R with some constant \(\alpha \ge 1\). To prove the validity of the expansion suitable bounds on R are needed, which are provided in the companion paper (Esposito 2023).
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Acknowledgements
Y. Guo was supported by NSF Grant DMS-2106650. R. Marra is supported by INFN. L. Wu was supported by NSF Grant DMS-2104775. The authors would like to thank Kazuo Aoki and Shigeru Takata for helpful discussions. Also, the authors would like to thank Yong Wang for his comments.
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Esposito, R., Guo, Y., Marra, R. et al. Ghost Effect from Boltzmann Theory: Expansion with Remainder. Vietnam J. Math. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10013-024-00686-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10013-024-00686-y