Abstract
Nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (TO) and titanium pyrophosphate (TPO) have attracted a considerable attention over the past several decades due to their optical properties and high ratio of surface/volume. TO/TPO and Ag/TO/TPO nanocomposites were prepared by electrochemical techniques, followed by electroless deposition of silver. The nanocomposites were discussed by FESEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. XRD and TEM revealed the nanoparticle size of the two composites. Glassy carbon-modified electrode by TO/TPO gave better response than Ag/TO/TPO for the electro-analysis of Pb(II) and Hg(II) as observed by the anodic stripping technique where the detection limit values were 3.09 and 7.46 for Pb(II) and Hg(II), respectively. It was found that the Ag/TO/TPO@GC exhibits an improved sensitivity for the determination of both Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions simultaneously. The presence of O–P–O, Ti–O bonds and the absence of Ti–P were an evidence of the replacement of P atom to Ti atom in their lattice which resulted in forming oxygen vacancies that develop the electrochemical characteristics of the nanocomposite. A slight extension of the absorption edges of TO/TPO into the visible region and a decrease in the band gap gave TO/TPO superior photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye with extent of 99% and a first-order reaction with rate constant 0.01 min−1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kemper T, Sommer S (2002) Estimate of heavy metal contamination in soils after a mining accident using reflectance spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 36:2742–2747
Tu C, Shao Y, Gan N, Xu Q, Guo Z (2004) Oxidative DNA strand scission induced by a trinuclear copper (II) complex. Inorg Chem 43:4761–4766
Tuzen M, Melek E, Soylak M (2006) Celtek clay as sorbent for separation–preconcentration of metal ions from environmental samples. J Hazard Mater 136:597–603
Liu C, Dasgupta NP, Yang P (2014) Semiconductor nanowires for artificial photosynthesis. Chem Mater 26:415–422
Park Y, McDonald KJ, Choi K-S (2013) Progress in bismuth vanadate photoanodes for use in solar water oxidation. Chem Soc Rev 42:2321–2337
Kamat PV (2007) Meeting the clean energy demand: nanostructure architectures for solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem C 111:2834–2860
Yantasee W, Hongsirikarn K, Warner CL, Choi D, Sangvanich T, Toloczko MB, Warner MG, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Timchalk C (2008) Direct detection of Pb in urine and Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ag in natural waters using electrochemical sensors immobilized with DMSA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Analyst 133:348–355
Wei Y, Yang R, Yu X-Y, Wang L, Liu J-H, Huang X-J (2012) Stripping voltammetry study of ultra-trace toxic metal ions on highly selectively adsorptive porous magnesium oxide nanoflowers. Analyst 137:2183–2191
Wu Z, Jiang L, Zhu Y, Xu C, Ye Y, Wang X (2012) Synthesis of mesoporous NiO nanosheet and its application on mercury (II) sensor. J Solid State Electrochem 16:3171–3177
Gao C, Yu X-Y, Xiong S-Q, Liu J-H, Huang X-J (2013) Electrochemical detection of arsenic (III) completely free from noble metal: Fe3O4 microspheres-room temperature ionic liquid composite showing better performance than gold. Anal Chem 85:2673–2680
Schneider J, Matsuoka M, Takeuchi M, Zhang J, Horiuchi Y, Anpo M, Bahnemann DW (2014) Understanding TiO2 photocatalysis: mechanisms and materials. Chem Rev 114:9919–9986
Blakers A (2017) Sustainable energy options. Learning From 319
Scanlon DO, Dunnill CW, Buckeridge J, Shevlin SA, Logsdail AJ, Woodley SM, Catlow CRA, Powell MJ, Palgrave RG, Parkin IP (2013) Band alignment of rutile and anatase TiO2. Nat Mater 12:798–801
Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V, Zhao J (2013) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:1–33
Liu W, Zhao X, Wang T, Zhao D, Ni J (2016) Adsorption of U (VI) by multilayer titanate nanotubes: effects of inorganic cations, carbonate and natural organic matter. Chem Eng J 286:427–435
Liu M, Zhao G, Tang Y, Yu Z, Lei Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Li D (2010) A simple, stable and picomole level lead sensor fabricated on DNA-based carbon hybridized TiO2 nanotube arrays. Environ Sci Technol 44:4241–4246
Nguyen PKQ, Lunsford SK (2012) Electrochemical response of carbon paste electrode modified with mixture of titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide in the detection of heavy metals: lead and cadmium. Talanta 101:110–121
Zhang J, Liao J, Yang F, Xu M, Lin S (2017) Regulation of the electroanalytical performance of ultrathin titanium dioxide nanosheets toward lead ions by non-metal doping. Nanomaterials 7:327
Luan Y, Jing L, Meng Q, Nan H, Luan P, Xie M, Feng Y (2012) Synthesis of efficient nanosized rutile TiO2 and its main factors determining its photodegradation activity: roles of residual chloride and adsorbed oxygen. J Phys Chem C 116:17094–17100
Shao G-S, Ma T-Y, Zhang X-J, Ren T-Z, Yuan Z-Y (2009) Phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped titania photocatalysts with a hierarchical meso-/macroporous structure. J Mater Sci 44:6754–6763
Yu H-F (2007) Photocatalytic abilities of gel-derived P-doped TiO2. J Phys Chem Solids 68:600–607
Sanz J, Iglesias J, Soria J, Losilla E, Aranda M, Bruque S (1997) Structural disorder in the cubic 3× 3× 3 superstructure of TiP2O7 XRD and NMR study. Chem Mater 9:996–1003
Hao Y, Wu C, Cui Y, Xu K, Yuan Z, Zhuang Q (2014) Preparation and electrochemical performances of submicro-TiP 2 O 7 cathode for lithium ion batteries. Ionics 20:1079–1085
Sun Y, Gai L, Zhou Y, Zuo X, Zhou J, Jiang H (2014) Polyhierarchically structured TiP 2 O 7/C microparticles with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. CrystEngComm 16:10681–10691
Wen Y, Chen L, Pang Y, Guo Z, Bin D, Wang Y-G, Wang C, Xia Y (2017) TiP2O7 and expanded graphite nanocomposite as anode material for aqueous lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:8075–8082
Cheng Y, Li H, Fang C, Ai L, Chen J, Su J, Zhang Q, Fu Q (2019) Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles composites and their application for detecting heavy metal ions. J Alloy Compd 787:683–693
Han T, Jin J, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y (2017) Ag nanoparticles-modified 3D graphene foam for binder-free electrodes of electrochemical sensors. Nanomaterials 7:40
Xing S, Xu H, Chen J, Shi G, Jin L (2011) Nafion stabilized silver nanoparticles modified electrode and its application to Cr (VI) detection. J Electroanal Chem 652:60–65
Narang J, Chauhan N, Jain P, Pundir C (2012) Silver nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline film for amperometric glutathione biosensor. Int J Biol Macromol 50:672–678
Abdel-Hameed SA, Fathi AM (2010) Preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles within silicate glass ceramics via modification of ion exchange process. J Alloy Compd 498:71–76
Afifi M, Ahmed M, Fathi A, Uskoković V (2020) Physical, electrochemical and biological evaluations of spin-coated ε-polycaprolactone thin films containing alumina/graphene/carbonated hydroxyapatite/titania for tissue engineering applications. Int J Pharm 585:119502
Liu H, Liu S, Zhang Z, Dong X, Liu T (2016) Hydrothermal etching fabrication of TiO2@ graphene hollow structures: mutually independent exposed 001 and 101 facets nanocrystals and its synergistic photocaltalytic effects. Sci Rep 6:33839
Petersen H, Stegmann N, Fischer M, Zibrowius B, Radev I, Philippi W, Schmidt W, Weidenthaler C (2021) Crystal structures of two titanium phosphate-based proton conductors: ab initio structure solution and materials properties. Inorg Chem 61:2379–2390
Marcu I-C, Sandulescu I, Millet J-MM (2003) Effects of the method of preparing titanium pyrophosphate catalyst on the structure and catalytic activity in oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane. J Mol Catal A: Chem 203:241–250
Merroun Y, Chehab S, Ghailane T, Ghailane R, Boukhris S, Habbadi N, Hassikou A, Lakhrissi B, Souizi A (2020) Comparative study between the titanium phosphate TiP2O7 and the phosphate fertilizers in the catalysis of the quinazolin-4 (3H)-one derivatives synthesis, Mediterranean. J Chem 10:553–567
Soria J, Iglesias J, Sanz J (1993) Effect of calcination on titanium phosphate produced by H 3 PO 4 treatment of anatase. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 89:2515–2518
Bharti B, Kumar S, Lee H-N, Kumar R (2016) Formation of oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ state in TiO2 thin film and enhanced optical properties by air plasma treatment. Sci Rep 6:32355
Qiu M, Tian Y, Chen Z, Yang Z, Li W, Wang K, Wang L, Wang K, Zhang W (2016) Synthesis of Ti 3+ self-doped TiO 2 nanocrystals based on Le Chatelier’s principle and their application in solar light photocatalysis. RSC Adv 6:74376–74383
Jeong S-H, Kim J-K, Kim B-S, Shim S-H, Lee B-T (2004) Characterization of SiO2 and TiO2 films prepared using rf magnetron sputtering and their application to anti-reflection coating. Vacuum 76:507–515
Fathi A, Handal H (2023) The Enhancement of TiO2 Nanotubes performance towards methanol oxidation after surface functionalization with exfoliated graphene and nickel oxides. Electrochim Acta 462:142667
Zhang F, Wolf G, Wang X, Liu X (2001) Surface properties of silver doped titanium oxide films. Surf Coat Technol 148:65–70
Malas A, Bharati A, Verkinderen O, Goderis B, Moldenaers P, Cardinaels R (2017) Effect of the GO reduction method on the dielectric properties, electrical conductivity and crystalline behavior of PEO/rGO nanocomposites. Polymers 9:613
Peng F, Cai L, Yu H, Wang H, Yang J (2008) Synthesis and characterization of substitutional and interstitial nitrogen-doped titanium dioxides with visible light photocatalytic activity. J Solid State Chem 181:130–136
Nakamura R, Tanaka T, Nakato Y (2004) Mechanism for visible light responses in anodic photocurrents at N-doped TiO2 film electrodes. J Phys Chem B 108:10617–10620
Baunack S, Oswald S, Scharnweber D (1998) Depth distribution and bonding states of phosphorus implanted in titanium investigated by AES. XPS and SIMS, Surface and Interface Analysis: An International Journal devoted to the development and application of techniques for the analysis of surfaces, interfaces and thin films 26:471–479
Jani NA, Haw C, Chiu W, Rahman SA, Khiew P, Lim Y, Abd-Shukor R, Hamid MAA (2020) Photodeposition of Ag nanocrystals onto TiO2 nanotube platform for enhanced water splitting and hydrogen gas production. J Nanomater 2020:1–11
Zhu L, Lu Q, Lv L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Deng Z, Lou Z, Hou Y, Teng F (2017) Ligand-free rutile and anatase TiO 2 nanocrystals as electron extraction layers for high performance inverted polymer solar cells. RSC Adv 7:20084–20092
Spinelli P, Polman A (2012) Prospects of near-field plasmonic absorption enhancement in semiconductor materials using embedded Ag nanoparticles. Opt Express 20:A641–A654
Mansour A, Fathi A, Abou Hammad AB, El Nahrawy AM (2023) Microstructures, optical and electrochemical properties of advanced Fe0 8Se0 14Si0 06MoO4 nanocrystalline for energy storage applications. Phys Scr 98:055922
Sugapriya S, Sriram R, Lakshmi S (2013) Effect of annealing on TiO2 nanoparticles. Optik 124:4971–4975
Haque FZ, Nandanwar R, Singh P (2017) Evaluating photodegradation properties of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles for organic compounds. Optik 128:191–200
Taleshi F, Pahlavan A (2014) Effect of rapid cooling time on optical absorption and band gap energy of TiO 2 nanoparticles. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 25:2450–2455
Al-Shabib NA, Husain FM, Qais FA, Ahmad N, Khan A, Alyousef AA, Arshad M, Noor S, Khan JM, Alam P (2020) Phyto-mediated synthesis of porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Withania somnifera root extract: broad-spectrum attenuation of biofilm and cytotoxic properties against HepG2 cell lines. Front Microbiol 11:1680
Fathi A, Shehata O, Abdel-Karim A (2019) The photoactivity and electrochemical behavior of porous titania (TiO2) in simulated saliva for dental implant application. Silicon 11:2353–2363
Klang C (2010) Effects of UV-exposure of titanium-based dental implant materials
Sun L, Zhang S, Sun X, He X (2010) Effect of the geometry of the anodized titania nanotube array on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10:4551–4561
Tang X, Li D (2008) Sulfur-doped highly ordered TiO2 nanotubular arrays with visible light response. J Phys Chem C 112:5405–5409
Estephane G, Kassir M, El Jamal M (2020) Kinetic study of the metal ions doped TiO2 samples for the photocatalytic degradation of E 131 VF, Portugaliae. Electrochim Acta 38:365–376
Liu R, Wang P, Wang X, Yu H, Yu J (2012) UV- and visible-light photocatalytic activity of simultaneously deposited and doped Ag/Ag(I)-TiO2 photocatalyst. J Phys Chem C 116:17721–17728
Mohamed AER, Rohani S (2011) Modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs): progressive strategies towards visible light responsive photoanode, a review. Energy Environ Sci 4:1065–1086
Hadidi M, Ahour F, Keshipour S (2021) Electrochemical determination of trace amounts of lead ions using D-penicillamine-functionalized graphene quantum dot-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Iran Chem Soc 19
Randles JE (1948) A cathode ray polarograph. Part II.—The current-voltage curves. Trans Faraday Soc 44:327–338
Mourya A, Mazumdar B, Sinha SK (2019) Determination and quantification of heavy metal ion by electrochemical method. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103459
Sengupta P, Pramanik K, Sarkar P (2021) Simultaneous detection of trace Pb (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) by anodic stripping analyses with glassy carbon electrode modified by solid phase synthesized iron-aluminate nano particles. Sens Actuators, B Chem 329:129052
Zhang W, Fan S, Li X, Liu S, Duan D, Leng L, Cui C, Zhang Y, Qu L (2020) Electrochemical determination of lead (II) and copper (II) by using phytic acid and polypyrrole functionalized metal-organic frameworks. Microchim Acta 187:1–9
Wei Y, Gao C, Meng F-L, Li H-H, Wang L, Liu J-H, Huang X-J (2012) SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of cadmium (II), lead (II), copper (II), and mercury (II): an interesting favorable mutual interference. J Phys Chem C 116:1034–1041
Kiliç HD, Kizil H (2019) Simultaneous analysis of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ at graphene/bismuth nanocomposite film-modified pencil graphite electrode using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:8113–8121
Erçarıkcı E, Alanyalıoğlu M (2021) Dual-functional graphene-based flexible material for membrane filtration and electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions. IEEE Sens J 21:2468–2475
Liu Y, Wu S, Xiong W, Li H (2023) Interface co-assembly synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4@mesoporous carbon for efficient electrochemical detection of Hg(II) and Pb(II). Adv Mater Interfaces 10:2201631
Sivan SK, Shankar NS SS, Kandambath Padinjareveetil A, Pilankatta R, Kumar VS, Mathew B, George B, Makvandi P, Černík M (2020) Fabrication of a greener TiO2@ gum Arabic-carbon paste electrode for the electrochemical detection of pb2+ ions in plastic toys. ACS Omega 5:25390–25399
Mekawi E (2015) Drinking water quality: chemical evaluation of tap water and bottled water in Egypt. Indian J of Applied Res 5:664–667
Tüzün E, Atun G (2023) Individual and simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions using carbon paste electrode modified with titania nanoparticles. Electrocatalysis 14:636
Ma H, An R, Chen L, Fu Y, Ma C, Dong X, Zhang X (2015) A study of the photodeposition over Ti/TiO2 electrode for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions. Electrochem Commun 57:18–21
Cheng X-L, Xu Q-Q, Li S-S, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li S (2021) Oxygen vacancy enhanced Co3O4/ZnO nanocomposite with small sized and loose structure for sensitive electroanalysis of Hg (II) in subsidence area water. Sens Actuators, B Chem 326:128967
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the approval and the support of this research study by the grant no. SCIA-2022-11-1546 from the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, K.S.A.
Funding
Northern Border University, Arar, K.S.A., SCIA-2022-11-1546, A.M. Elbasiony.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Elbasiony, A.M., Saleh, M.G.A., Ahmed, A.O. et al. Electrochemical fabrication of TiO2/TiP2O7 and Ag/TiO2/TiP2O7 nanocomposites for heavy metal detection and methylene blue dye degradation. J Solid State Electrochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-024-05895-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-024-05895-6