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Electroanalytical instrumentation—how it all started: history of electrochemical instrumentation

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Abstract

This review is a historic collection of old electrochemical and electroanalytical instruments, mostly concentrated on polarographs, potentiostats, pH meters, and titrators designed and commercially available from the 1920s to 1970s. The review briefly explains their operation and shows their photos. It is addressed to electrochemists who want to know what kind of instruments was used by previous generations of scientists and how the progress in electronics brought the instruments from very primitive to more sophisticated devices, still being far from the presently used computerized electrochemical analyzers. This review has a more educational aim rather than scientific in the present definition of being “scientific.” The collected references allow interested readers to find more scientific information on the electronic circuits used in the highlighted instruments, on the instruments operation and applications.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Adopted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Gibbs#/media/File:Gibbs_Oliver_Wolcott.jpg; public domain. B Luckow’s electrode arrangement for the electrodeposition of metals followed by their gravimetric analysis. Adopted from [8] with permission

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Adopted from https://knowledge.electrochem.org/encycl/art-p03-polarography.htm; public domain

Fig. 6

Adopted from https://www.muv.uio.no/uios-historie/fag/matematikk-naturvitenskap/kjemi/polarograf-for-dosent-prytz.html and https://nasregion.cz/byl-prvnim-a-bohuzel-dosud-i-poslednim-ceskym-vedcem-ktery-obdrzel-nobelovu-cenu-profesor-heyrovsky-a-kapka-rtuti-142115/ with permission

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Adopted from Bard AJ, Inzelt G, Scholz F (Eds.) (2008), Electrochemical Dictionary, Springer, with permission

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Fig. 12

Adopted from https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/6/6681/files/2014/03/news13-2bj6605.pdf; public domain

Fig. 13

Adopted from Bard AJ, Inzelt G, Scholz F (Eds.) (2008), Electrochemical Dictionary, Springer, with permission

Fig. 14

Adopted from https://english.radio.cz/february-marks-100-years-invention-polarography-8741642; courtesy of Czech Academy of Sciences, with permission

Fig. 15

Adopted from https://www.rsc.org/images/Newsletter08_tcm18-117122.pdf; public domain

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Fig. 17

Adopted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist); public domain; Wikipedia

Fig. 18

Adopted from the Yokogawa Electrical Works, Ltd., catalog (1979), open access

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Fig. 20

Adopted from the Princeton Applied Research Corporation catalog (1982), open access

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Fig. 24

Adopted from https://wie-tec.de/Bank-Elektrotechnik_1, public domain

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Fig. 26

Adopted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C3%B8ren_Peter_Lauritz_S%C3%B8rensen#/media/File:Soeren_Peter_Lauritz_Soerensen_1868-1939_2.jpg; public domain

Fig. 27

Adopted from https://www.periodpaper.com/products/1922-ad-bovie-potentiometer-arthur-h-thomas-h-ion-concentration-scientific-102822-iec1-070; public domain

Fig. 28

Adopted from https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/cremers-electrode/3008550.article; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Klemensiewicz; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber#/media/File:Fritz_Haber.png, respectively, public domains

Fig. 29

Adopted from https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/arnold-beckman-with-ph-meter/8QHVcn5f7EzvyA; public domain

Fig. 30

Adopted from https://www.sciencehistory.org/files/beckmanmodelgchfjpg-2; with permission

Fig. 31

Adopted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter; public domain

Fig. 32

Adopted from https://aphmuseum.org/record/coleman-model-3-ph-electrometer/; public domain

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Adopted from http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/15671/kohlrausch-drumtype-slide-wire-potentiometer;jsessionid=A7EF782726FC63EBF886A8B10DAC18A3?ctx=bc0a6ad5-a89f-4093-a81e-087e43d048a3&idx=36; public domain. B Helical potentiometer (Helipot) invented by Arnold O. Beckman in 1940 and used in his famous pH meters. Adopted from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beckman_Helipot_potentiometer_SA1400A_2007.075.002.jpg; public domain

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Oleh Smutok thanks Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) for the fellowship allowing his work in the USA. The authors thank Prof. Dr. Fritz Scholz (im Ruhestand/Emeritus Professor), Universität Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie, for proofreading the paper draft and for helpful advice. The authors thank the reviewers for very detailed and helpful suggestions resulting in significant improvement of the paper.

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  1. Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA

    Oleh Smutok & Evgeny Katz

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Smutok, O., Katz, E. Electroanalytical instrumentation—how it all started: history of electrochemical instrumentation. J Solid State Electrochem 28, 683–710 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05375-3

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