Abstract
This paper describes a new kind of zeolite-modified electrodes (ZMEs) based on the physical immobilization of zeolite particles onto the surface of paraffin-impregnated graphite electrodes (PIGEs). Their electrochemical behavior was first evaluated by ion-exchange voltammetry using methylviologen as a model redox probe, indicating better performance in comparison to the corresponding zeolite-modified carbon paste electrodes. The zeolite-modified-PIGEs were then applied to the study of lead(II)-loaded zeolites to monitor their reaction with sulfide ions at various sulfidation levels. Both Pb(II) ions and PbS nanoparticles gave rise to well-defined voltammetric signals, but peak currents due to the more mobile Pb(II) ions were much higher than those recorded for PbS nanoparticles. This is due to the fact that Pb(II) ions underwent ion exchange for the electrolyte cation prior to the electron transfer whereas the PbS nanoparticles are immobilized in the microporous structure of the zeolite particles and thus less available for the redox reactions. Nevertheless, these signals were useful to discriminate between the various sulfidation levels, as ascertained by additional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Walcarius A (2003) Implication of zeolite chemistry in electrochemical science and applications of zeolite-modified electrodes. In: Auerbach SM, Carrado KA, Dutta PK (eds) Handbook of zeolite science and technology, Chap 14. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 721–783
Rolison DR (1990) Chem Rev 90:867
Baker MD, Senaratne C (1994) Electrochemistry with clays and zeolites. In: Lipkowski J, Ross PN (eds) The electrochemistry of novel materials, Chap 7. VCH Publishers Inc., New York, pp 339–380
Walcarius A (1996) Electroanalysis 8:971
Roué L, Briot E, Bedioui F (1998) Can J Chem 76:1886
Walcarius A (1999) Anal Chim Acta 384:1
Rolison DR, Bessel CA (2000) Acc Chem Res 33:737
Gemborys HA, Shaw BR (1986) J Electroanal Chem 208:95
Senaratne C, Baker MD (1992) J Electroanal Chem 332:357
Baker MD, Senaratne C (1992) Anal Chem 64:697
Ganesan V, Ramaraj R (1998) Langmuir 14:2497
Lainé P, Seifert R, Giovanoli R, Calzaferri G (1997) New J Chem 21:453
Liu B, Yan F, Kong J, Deng J (1999) Anal Chim Acta 386:31
Shaw BR, Creasy KE, Lanczycki CJ, Sargeant JA, Tirhado M (1988) J Electrochem Soc 135:869
Wang J, Martinez T (1988) Anal Chim Acta 207:95
Creasy KE, Shaw BR (1988) Electrochim Acta 33:551
Wang J, Walcarius A (1996) J Electroanal Chem 407:183
Walcarius A, Barbaise T, Bessière J (1999) Anal Chim Acta 340:61
Walcarius A, Rozanska S, Bessière J, Wang J (1999) Analyst 124:1185
Bedioui F, de Boysson E, Devynck J, Balkus KJ Jr (1991) J Electroanal Chem 315:313
Bedioui F, Roué L, Devynck J, Balkus KJ Jr (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:3049
Briot E, Bedioui F, Balkus KJ Jr (1998) J Electroanal Chem 454:83
Shaw BR, Creasy KE (1988) Anal Chem 60:1241
Dryfe RAW, Hayes P, Holmes SM (2001) Analyst 126:733
King AJ, Lillie GC, Cheung VWY, Holmes SM, Dryfe RAW (2004) Analyst 129:157
Evmiridis NP, Demertzis MA, Vlessidis AG (1991) Fresenius J Anal Chem 340:145
Matysik S, Matysik F-M, Mattusch J, Einicke W-D (1998) Electroanalysis 10:98
Hamlaoui ML, Reybier K, Marrakchi M, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Martelet C, Kherrat R, Walcarius A (2002) Anal Chim Acta 466:39
Bessel CA, Rolison DR (1997) J Phys Chem B 101:1148
Bessel CA, Rolison DR (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:12673
Kornic S, Baker M (2002) Chem Commun 16:1700
Zhang Y, Chen F, Shan W, Zhuang J, Dong A, Cai W, Tang Y (2003) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 65:277
Walcarius A, Ganesan V, Larlus O, Valtchev V (2004) Electroanalysis 16:550
Li S,Wang X, Beving D, Chen Z, Yan Y (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:4122
Walcarius A, Lamberts L, Derouane EG (1993) Electrochim Acta 38:2257
Wang J, Walcarius A (1996) J Electroanal Chem 404:237
Walcarius A, Mariaulle P, Lamberts L (2003) J Solid State Electrochem 7:671
Scholz F, Meyer B (1998) Voltammetry of solid microparticles immobilized on electrode surfaces. In: Bard AJ, Rubinstein I (eds) Electroanalytical Chemistry, A Series of Advances. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, vol 20, pp 1–86
Perdicakis M, Aubriet H, Walcarius A (2004) Electroanalysis 16:2042
O’Connor JF, Townsend RP (1985) Zeolites 5:158
Ronay C, Seff K (1993) Zeolites 13:97
Shibata W, Seff K (1997) Zeolites 19:87
Maliou E, Malamis M, Sakellarides PO (1992) Water Sci Technol 25:133
Petruzzelli D, Pagano M, Tiravanti G, Passino R (1999) Solvent Extr Ion Exch 17:677
Walcarius A, Lamdaouar AM, El Kacemi K, Marouf B, Bessière J (2001) Langmuir 17:2258
Ahlers CB, Talbot JB (2000) Electrochim Acta 45:3379
Pérez-Ruiz T, Martinez-Lozano C, Thomas V (1991) Anal Chim Acta 244:99
Walcarius A, Lamberts L, Derouane EG (1995) Electroanalysis 7:120
Hui T-W, Baker MD (2001) J Phys Chem B 105:3204
Walcarius A, Mariaulle P, Lamberts L (1999) J Electroanal Chem 463:100
Walcarius A, Lamberts L, Derouane EG (1993) Electrochim Acta 38:2267
Hui T-W, Baker MD (2002) J Phys Chem B 106:827
Bird CL, Kuhn, AT (1981) Chem Soc Rev 10:49
Calzaferri G, Lanz M, Li JW (1995) Chem Commun 13:1313
Sun W, Xue J, Chen J, Mao L, Jin L, Yamamoto K, Tao S, Jin J (1999) Talanta 49:345
Hu S (1999) J Electroanal Chem 463:253
Suib SL, Morse BE (1989) Langmuir 5:1340
Kuhn AT (ed) (1979) The electrochemistry of lead. Academic, London
Velayutham D, Noel M (1991) Electrochim Acta 36:2031
Zakharchuk N, Meyer S, Lange B, Scholz F (2000) Croat Chim Acta 73:667
Flores-Acosta M, Sotelo-Lerma M, Arizpe-Chavez H, Castillon-Barraza FF, Ramirez-Bon R (2003) Solid State Commun 128:407
Chen W, Wang Z, Lin Z, Qian J, Lin L (1996) Appl Phys Lett 68:1990
Wagner CD, Naumkin AV, Kraust-Vass A, Allison JW, Powell CJ, Rumble JR (2003) NIST Standard Reference Database 20, NIST XPS Database Version 3.4 (Web Version)
Paul RL, Nicol MJ, Diggle JW, Saunders AP (1978) Electrochim Acta 23:625
Senaratne C, Zhang J, Baker MD, Bessel CA, Rolison DR (1996) J Phys Chem 100:5849
Nicol MJ, Paul RL, Diggle JW (1978) Electrochim Acta 23:635
Lamache M, Bauer D, Pegouret J (1981) Electrochim Acta 26:1845
Ahlberg E, Asbjörnsson J (1993) Hydrometallurgy 34:171
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Walcarius, A. Zeolite-modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 10, 469–478 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-005-0020-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-005-0020-z