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A theoretical protocol for the rational design of the bioinspired multifunctional hybrid material MIP@cercosporin

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Abstract

Context

Rational design of polymeric materials prepared with the molecular imprinting technology is gaining even more space, as it can provide the optimal conditions to direct the laboratory molecularly imprinting polymer (MIP) preparation, maximizing their efficiency while reducing costs and preparation time, when compared to try-and-error approaches. We perform a rational design of an MIP with specific cavities for cercosporin accommodation by means of computational tools. The main steps of an MIP preparation were simulated and it was found that the most appropriated functional monomer to be used in the MIP preparation for cercosporin is the acrylamide, while the most suitable crosslinking agent is found to be p-divinylbenzene. Also, the most suitable solvents to remove cercosporin from the cavity are those with low dielectric constant, such as chloroform. This kind of solvent can then be used in washing step, in the case of use the MIP for sensing destinations. On the other hand, solvents like water, which has high dielectric constants, can efficiently improve the interactions between cercosporin and the functional monomer acrylamide, being indicated when the objective is to attract or maintain the cercosporin inside the MIP cavity. Thus, a MIP@cercosporin hybrid material can be used in aqueous solutions more reliably, or even the cercosporin detection in this media can be favoured. In the selectivity analysis of the material prepared in this specific condition, the results point that this MIP can also detect elsinochrome A with high efficiency, and could be more selective for hypericin, altertoxin, hypocrelin A, and phleichrome mycotoxins.

Method

The main steps of a MIP synthesis were theoretically simulated trough density functional theory (DFT) calculations aiming to direct and optimize the synthesis and applications of the material before the bench tests. Initially, in order to choose the most suitable functional to be employed for cercosporin calculations, eight of the DFT functionals that had been previously used for cercosporin calculations in literature were tested, which were the LCWPBE, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, M062-X, mPW1PW91, PBE0, TPSSh, and ωb97Xd. The theoretical 1H NMR chemical shifts for cercosporin molecule were calculated and compared with experimental results to analyze the performance of the functionals. Of all these, the best results were obtained with the TPSSh functional, employing the 6-31G(d,p) basis set, and this level of theory was then used for all the following steps. All the simulations were performed by means of geometry optimizations and frequency calculations. Additionally, AIM calculations were employed for further analysis of the interactions between the chosen functional monomer and cercosporin template in step 1, which was functional monomer selection. In washing step, the calculations were done using implicit solvation model, and finally, in selectivity tests, the putative “solid” MIP was simulated by freezing the positions of the monomers after the template remotion, and then other structurally similar toxins were placed in its cavity for the geometry optimizations and frequency calculations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Brazilian agencies CAPES, CNPq, and FAPEMIG for the financial support.

Funding

This work was carried out with the financial support of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, 307837/2014–9) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, PPM-00831–15).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil

    Thaís A. Sales, Leonardo V. F. Ferreira, Artur G. Nogueira & Teodorico C. Ramalho

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

    Teodorico C. Ramalho

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  1. Thaís A. Sales
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  2. Leonardo V. F. Ferreira
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  3. Artur G. Nogueira
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Contributions

Thaís A. Sales developed the project. Thaís A. Sales, Leonardo V.F. Ferreira, and Teodorico C. Ramalho analyzed the data. Artur G. Nogueira performed the additional calculations and corrections. Thaís A. Sales, Leonardo V.F. Ferreira, Artur G. Nogueira, and Teodorico C Ramalho wrote and corrected the paper. Teodorico C Ramalho conceived the overarching project.

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Correspondence to Teodorico C. Ramalho.

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Sales, T.A., Ferreira, L.V.F., Nogueira, A.G. et al. A theoretical protocol for the rational design of the bioinspired multifunctional hybrid material MIP@cercosporin. J Mol Model 29, 321 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-023-05653-x

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