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Comparison of decontamination efficacy of two electrolyte cleaning methods to diode laser, plasma, and air-abrasive devices

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Abstract

Objective

To compare the in vitro decontamination efficacy of two electrolytic cleaning methods to diode laser, plasma, and air-abrasive devices.

Material and methods

Sixty sandblasted large-grit acid-etched (SLA) implants were incubated with 2 ml of human saliva and Tryptic Soy Broth solution under continuous shaking for 14 days. Implants were then randomly assigned to one untreated control group (n = 10) and 5 different decontamination modalities: air-abrasive powder (n = 10), diode laser (n = 10), plasma cleaning (n = 10), and two electrolytic test protocols using either potassium iodide (KI) (n = 10) or sodium formate (CHNaO2) (n = 10) solution. Implants were stained for dead and alive bacteria in two standardized measurement areas, observed at fluorescent microscope, and analyzed for color intensity.

Results

All disinfecting treatment modalities significantly reduced the stained area compared to the untreated control group for both measurement areas (p < 0.001). Among test interventions, electrolytic KI and CHNaO2 treatments were equally effective, and each one significantly reduced the stained area compared to any other treatment modality (p < 0.001). Efficacy of electrolytic protocols was not affected by the angulation of examined surfaces [surface angulation 0° vs. 60° (staining %): electrolytic cleaning-KI 0.03 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.10; electrolytic cleaning-CHNaO2 0.01 ± 0.01 vs. 0.06 ± 0.08; (p > 0.05)], while air abrasion [surface angulation 0° vs. 60° (staining %): 2.66 ± 0.83 vs. 42.12 ± 3.46 (p < 0.001)] and plasma cleaning [surface angulation 0° vs. 60° (staining %): 33.25 ± 3.01 vs. 39.16 ± 3.15 (p < 0.001)] were.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, electrolytic decontamination with KI and CHNaO2 was significantly more effective in reducing bacterial stained surface of rough titanium implants than air-abrasive powder, diode laser, and plasma cleaning, regardless of the accessibility of the contaminated implant location.

Clinical relevance

Complete bacterial elimination (residual bacteria < 1%) was achieved only for the electrolytic cleaning approaches, irrespectively of the favorable or unfavorable access to implant surface.

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Data availability

The data sets used and analyzed during the current study are available as electronic supplementary material.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate Ricarda Albert and Lubow Woronina for support in collecting the data.

Funding

The study was financed by Zyfoma GmbH, Weiterstadt, Germany. The authors Schlee and Zipprich declare to hold patents on the described technology and to have financial interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 64342, Seeheim-Jugenheim, Germany

    Holger Zipprich

  2. Department of Postgraduate Education, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, J. W. Goethe University, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Paul Weigl

  3. Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan - School of Dentistry, 1011 North university Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Riccardo Di Gianfilippo, Larissa Steigmann & Hom-Lay Wang

  4. Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Dirk Henrich

  5. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Markus Schlee

  6. 63477, Maintal, Germany

    Christoph Ratka

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  1. Holger Zipprich
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  3. Riccardo Di Gianfilippo
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Contributions

All authors significantly contributed to the realization of the manuscript and approved the last version before submission. HZ: research design, experiments, data acquisition, finalizing the writing, approval for submission. PW: research design, experiments, finalizing the writing, approval for submission. RG: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and finalizing the writing, approval for submission. LS: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and finalizing the writing, approval for submission. DH: research design, experiments, finalizing the writing, approval for submission. HLW: analysis and interpretation of data, finalizing the writing, approval for submission. MS: research design, experiments, data acquisition, finalizing the writing, approval for submission. CR: research design, experiments, data acquisition, finalizing the writing, approval for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riccardo Di Gianfilippo.

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Ethics approval was not required for this in vitro study.

Conflict of interest

HZ and MS hold patent for the described technology and received funding by Zyfoma GmbH (Weiterstadt, Germany) for the realization of the study. All other authors reported no conflict of interests.

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Zipprich, H., Weigl, P., Di Gianfilippo, R. et al. Comparison of decontamination efficacy of two electrolyte cleaning methods to diode laser, plasma, and air-abrasive devices. Clin Oral Invest 26, 4549–4558 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04421-0

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