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Effects of the association of high fluoride- and calcium-containing caries-preventive agents with regular or high fluoride toothpaste on enamel: an in vitro study

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Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the caries-preventive effect of various high fluoride- and calcium-containing caries-preventive agents (> 22.000 ppm F− [ppm]) in adjunct to use of regular (1450 ppm) or high (5000 ppm) fluoride toothpaste on sound as well as demineralized enamel.

Materials and methods

Bovine enamel specimens (n = 276; 5 mm × 3.5 mm × 3 mm) having one sound surface [ST] and one artificial caries lesion [DT] were randomly allocated to 12 groups. Interventions before pH-cycling were no intervention ([SC1/SC5]), application of varnishes/solutions containing NaF (22,600 ppm; Duraphat [NaF1/NaF5]); NaF + tricalcium phosphate (22,600 ppm; Clinpro White Varnish [TCP1/TCP5]); NaF + CPP-ACP (22,600 ppm; MI Varnish [CPP1/CPP5]); silver diammine fluoride (35,400 ppm; Cariestop 30%[SDF1/SDF5]); and NaF + calcium fluoride (45,200 ppm; Biophat[CaF1/CaF5]). During pH-cycling (28 days, 6 × 120 min demineralization/day) half of the specimens in each group were brushed (10 s; 2 × /day) with either 1,450 (NaF; named, e.g., TCP1) or 5,000 ppm (NaF; e.g., TCP5) dentifrice slurry. Differences in integrated mineral loss (∆∆Z) and lesion depth (∆LD) were calculated between values after initial demineralization and after pH-cycling using transversal microradiography.

Results

After pH-cycling, SC1/SC5 showed significantly increased ∆ZDT/LDDT values, indicating further demineralization (p < 0.05; paired t-test). Decreased ∆ZDT values, indicating non-significant remineralization, could only be observed in CaF1/CaF5 (p > 0.05; paired t-test). Additional use of all varnishes/solutions significantly decreased ∆∆ZDT/∆∆ZST and ∆LDDT/∆LDST compared to SC1/SC5 (p < 0.05;ANCOVA). Between 1450 and 5000 ppm dentifrices, a significant difference in ∆∆ZDT/∆∆ZST and ∆LDDT/∆LDST could only be observed for SC1/SC5 (p < 0.05; ANCOVA).

Conclusion

Under the conditions chosen, all fluoride varnishes/solutions significantly reduced demineralization. Furthermore, a significant dose–response characteristic for fluoride varnishes could be revealed. However, no additional benefit could be observed, when varnishes were combined with high fluoride instead of regular fluoride dentifrices.

Clinical relevance

For children and adolescents with high caries risks varnishes containing more than 22,600 ppm should be further investigated, as they offered higher caries-preventive effects in vitro. Furthermore, there seems to be no difference in the demineralization-inhibitory capacity of fluoride varnishes when used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article [and/or] its supplementary material files. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

This study was conducted as part of the doctoral thesis of J.M. We would like to thank the technical assistance of Mr. Michael Stiebritz for the preparation of the TMR-micrographs.

Funding

This study was funded by the authors and their institution.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk bern, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Richard Johannes Wierichs, Thomas Gerhard Wolf, Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel & Marcella Esteves-Oliveira

  2. Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Richard Johannes Wierichs

  3. Department of CariologyEndodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Judith Mester & Marcella Esteves-Oliveira

  4. Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

    Thomas Gerhard Wolf

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  4. Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
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Contributions

R.J.W., M.E.-O., and J.M. designed and planned the study; J.M. prepared the samples; R.J.W. and J.M. performed the measurements and statistical analysis; R.J.W. wrote the manuscript; T.G.W. and H.M.-L. commented on, and all authors revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Richard Johannes Wierichs.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

The study protocol conformed to the principles outlined in the German Ethics Committee’s statement for the use of human body material in medical research [16]. This study is reported according to the COPE guidelines.

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Wierichs, R.J., Mester, J., Wolf, T.G. et al. Effects of the association of high fluoride- and calcium-containing caries-preventive agents with regular or high fluoride toothpaste on enamel: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Invest 26, 3167–3178 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-04299-4

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