Abstract
This paper focuses on numéraire and log-optimal portfolios when a market model \((S,\mathbb{F},P)\) – specified by its assets’ price \(S\), its flow of information \(\mathbb{F}\) and a probability measure \(P\) – is stopped at a random time \(\tau \). The flow of information that incorporates both \(\mathbb{F}\) and \(\tau \), denoted by \(\mathbb{G}\), is the progressive enlargement of \(\mathbb{F}\) with \(\tau \). For the resulting stopped model \((S^{\tau},\mathbb{G},P)\), we study the two portfolios in different manners and describe their computations in terms of \(\mathbb{F}\)-observable parameters of the pair \((S, \tau )\). In particular, we single out the types of risks induced by \(\tau \) that really affect the numéraire portfolio, and address the following questions: 1) What are the conditions on \(\tau \) (preferably in terms of information-theoretic concepts such as entropy) that guarantee the existence of the log-optimal portfolio for \((S^{\tau},\mathbb{G},P)\) when that for \((S,\mathbb{F},P)\) already exists? 2) What are the factors that fully determine the increment in maximal expected logarithmic utility from terminal wealth for the models \((S^{\tau},\mathbb{G},P)\) and \((S,\mathbb{F},P)\), and how can one quantify them?
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksamit, A., Choulli, T., Deng, J., Jeanblanc, M.: No-arbitrage up to random horizon for quasi-left-continuous models. Finance Stoch. 21, 1103–1139 (2017)
Aksamit, A., Choulli, T., Deng, J., Jeanblanc, M.: No-arbitrage under additional information for thin semimartingale models. Stoch. Process. Appl. 129, 3080–3115 (2019)
Aksamit, A., Choulli, T., Jeanblanc, M.: On an optional semimartingale decomposition and the existence of a deflator in an enlarged filtration. In: Donati-Martin, C., et al. (eds.) Séminaire de Probabilités XLVII. LNM, vol. 2137, In Memoriam Marc Yor, pp. 187–218 (2015)
Amendinger, J., Imkeller, P., Schweizer, M.: Additional logarithmic utility of an insider. Stoch. Process. Appl. 75, 263–286 (1998)
Ankirchner, S., Dereich, S., Imkeller, P.: The Shannon information of filtrations and the additional logarithmic utility of insiders. Ann. Probab. 34, 743–778 (2006)
Ankirchner, S., Imkeller, P.: Finite utility on financial markets with asymmetric information and structure properties of the price dynamics. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré Probab. Stat. 41, 479–503 (2005)
Back, K.: Insider trading in continuous time. Rev. Financ. Stud. 5, 387–409 (1992)
Becherer, D.: The numéraire portfolio for unbounded semimartingales. Finance Stoch. 5, 327–341 (2001)
Chou, C.S., Meyer, P.A., Stricker, Ch.: Sur les intégrales stochastiques de processus prévisibles non bornés. In: Azéma, J., Yor, M. (eds.) Séminaire de Probabilités XIV. LNM, vol. 784, pp. 128–139 (1980)
Choulli, T., Daveloose, C., Vanmaele, M.: A martingale representation theorem and valuation of defaultable securities. Math. Finance 30, 1527–1564 (2020)
Choulli, T., Deng, J.: No-arbitrage for informational discrete time market models. Stochastics 89, 628–653 (2017)
Choulli, T., Deng, J., Ma, J.: How non-arbitrage, viability and numéraire portfolio are related. Finance Stoch. 19, 719–741 (2015)
Choulli, T., Ma, J.: Explicit description of HARA forward utilities and their optimal portfolios. Theory Probab. Appl. 61, 57–93 (2017)
Choulli, T., Stricker, Ch.: Minimal entropy-Hellinger martingale measure in incomplete markets. Math. Finance 15, 465–490 (2005)
Choulli, T., Stricker, Ch.: More on minimal entropy-Hellinger martingale measures. Math. Finance 16, 1–19 (2006)
Choulli, T., Stricker, C., Li, J.: Minimal Hellinger martingale measures of order \(q\). Finance Stoch. 11, 399–427 (2007)
Choulli, T., Yansori, S.: Explicit description of all deflators for markets under random horizon with application to NFLVR. Preprint. Available online at https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10128 (2021)
Choulli, T., Yansori, S.: Log-optimal portfolio without NFLVR: existence, complete characterization and duality. Theory Probab. Appl. 67(2) (2022). Available online at https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06449
Christensen, M., Larsen, K.: No arbitrage and the growth optimal portfolio. Stoch. Anal. Appl. 25, 255–280 (2007)
Clark, S.A.: The random utility model with an infinite choice space. Econ. Theory 7, 179–189 (1996)
Cohen, M.A.: Random utility systems — the infinite case. J. Math. Psychol. 22, 1–23 (1980)
Corcuera, J.M., Imkeller, P., Kohatsu-Higa, A., Nualart, D.: Additional utility of insiders with imperfect dynamical information. Finance Stoch. 8, 437–450 (2004)
Cvitanić, J., Schachermayer, W., Wang, H.: Utility maximization in incomplete markets with random endowment. Finance Stoch. 5, 259–272 (2001)
Dellacherie, M., Maisonneuve, B., Meyer, P-A.: Probabilités et Potentiel, Chapitres XVII-XXIV: Processus de Markov (fin), Compléments de Calcul Stochastique. Hermann, Paris (1992)
Dellacherie, C., Meyer, P-A.: Probabilités et Potentiel B. Théorie des Martingales. Chap. V–VIII. Hermann, Paris (1980)
Fisher, I.: The Impatience Theory of Interest. AER, MacMillan, New York (1931)
Goll, T., Kallsen, J.: A complete explicit solution to the log-optimal portfolio problem. Ann. Appl. Probab. 13, 774–799 (2003)
Grorud, A., Pontier, M.: Insider trading in a continuous time market model. Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance 1, 331–347 (1998)
Hakansson, N.H.: Optimal investment and consumption strategies under risk, an uncertain lifetime and insurance. Int. Econ. Rev. 10, 443–466 (1969)
Hulley, H., Schweizer, M.: M6 — on minimal market models and minimal martingale measures. In: Chiarella, C., Novikov, A. (eds.) Contemporary Quantitative Finance: Essays in Honour of Eckhard Platen, pp. 35–51. Springer, Berlin (2010)
Jacod, J.: Calcul Stochastique et Problèmes de Martingales. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 714. Springer, Berlin (1979)
Jacod, J., Protter, Ph.: Time reversal on Lévy processes. Ann. Probab. 16, 620–641 (1998)
Jacod, J., Shiryaev, A.: Limit Theorems for Stochastic Processes, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2002)
Jeulin, T.: Semi-martingales et Grossissement d’une Filtration. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 833. Springer, Berlin (1980)
Jiao, Y., Li, S.: Modeling sovereign risks: from a hybrid model to the generalized density approach. Math. Finance 28, 240–267 (2018)
Karatzas, I., Kardaras, C.: The numéraire portfolio in semimartingale financial models. Finance Stoch. 11, 447–493 (2007)
Karatzas, I., Pikovsky, I.: Anticipative portfolio optimization. Adv. Appl. Probab. 28, 1095–1122 (1996)
Karatzas, I., Wang, H.: Utility maximization with discretionary stopping. SIAM J. Control Optim. 39, 306–329 (2000)
Karatzas, I., Žitković, G.: Optimal consumption from investment and random endowment in incomplete semimartingale markets. Ann. Probab. 31, 1821–1858 (2003)
Kohatsu-Higa, A., Sulem, A.: Utility maximization in an insider influenced market. Math. Finance 16, 153–179 (2006)
Kohatsu-Higa, A., Yamazato, M.: Insider models with finite utility in market with jumps. Appl. Math. Optim. 64, 217–255 (2011)
Kramkov, D., Schachermayer, W.: The asymptotic elasticity of utility functions and optimal investment in incomplete markets. Ann. Appl. Probab. 9, 904–950 (1999)
Kyle, A.: Continuous auctions and insider trading. Econometrica 53, 1315–1335 (1985)
Long, J.B.: The numéraire portfolio. J. Financ. Econ. 26, 29–69 (1990)
Ma, J.: Minimal Hellinger deflators and HARA forward utilities with applications: hedging with variable horizon. PhD thesis, University of Alberta (2013). Available online at https://doi.org/10.7939/R3CT29
McFadden, D., Richter, M.K.: Stochastic rationality and revealed stochastic preference. In: Chipman, J.S., et al. (eds.) Preferences, Uncertainty, and Optimality. Essays in Honor of Leo Hurwicz, pp. 161–186. Westview Press, Boulder (1990)
Merton, R.C.: Optimum consumption and portfolio rules in a continuous-time model. J. Econ. Theory 3, 373–413 (1971)
Merton, R.C.: Theory of rational option pricing. Bell J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 4, 141–183 (1973)
Nikeghbali, A., Yor, M.: A definition and some characteristic properties of pseudo-stopping times. Ann. Probab. 33, 1804–1824 (2005)
Stricker, Ch.: Quelques remarques sur la topologie des semimartingales: applications aux intégrales stochastiques. In: Azéma, J., Yor, M. (eds.) Séminaire de Probabilités XV. LNM, vol. 850, pp. 499–522. Springer, Berlin (1981)
Yaari, M.: Uncertain lifetime, life insurance, and the theory of the consumer. Rev. Econ. Stud. 32, 137–150 (1965)
Yansori, S.: Deflators, log-optimal portfolio and numéraire portfolio for markets under random horizon. PhD thesis, University of Alberta (2018). Available online at https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-871c-wa68
Žitković, G.: A dual characterization of self-generation and log-affine forward performances. Ann. Appl. Probab. 19, 2176–2270 (2009)
Acknowledgements
This research is fully supported financially by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, through Grant G121210818.
The authors would like to thank Safa Alsheyab, Jun Deng, Youri Kabanov and Michèle Vanmaele for several comments, fruitful discussions on the topic and/or for providing important and useful references.
The authors are very grateful to two anonymous referees and an anonymous AE for their several suggestions and comments that helped improve the paper. Any possible error is our sole responsibility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendices
Appendix A: Some \(\mathbb{G}\)-properties versus those in \(\mathbb{F}\)
Lemma A.1
Let \(A\) be a nondecreasing and \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process, and suppose that \(G>0\). Then the following assertions hold:
(a) For any \(\mathbb{G}\)-predictable process \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{G}}\), there exists an \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{F}}\) such that \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{G}}=\varphi ^{\mathbb{F}}\) on \({]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]}\). Furthermore, if \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{G}}>0\) (respectively \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{G}}\leq 1\)), then \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{F}}>0\) (respectively \(\varphi ^{\mathbb{F}}\leq 1\)).
(b) For any \(\theta \in{\mathcal{L}}(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\), there exists \({\varphi}\in {\mathcal{L}}(S,\mathbb{F})\) such that \({\varphi}={\theta} \) on \(]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]\).
(c) Let \(\varphi \) be a nonnegative and \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process. Then \(\varphi <\infty \) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. on \(]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]\) if and only if \(\varphi <\infty \) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e.
(d) Let \(V\) be an \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable and nondecreasing process with values in \([0,\infty ]\). Then \(V^{\tau}\) is \(\mathbb{G}\)-locally integrable if and only if \(V\) is \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally integrable.
(e) For any \(M\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{F})\), we have .
The proof of (a) is a particular case of Aksamit et al. [1, Lemma B.1], (b) can be found in Choulli and Yansori [17, Lemma A.1], while (c) and (d) follow immediately from Aksamit et al. [1, Proposition B.2, (c)–(f)]. Assertion (e) can be found in Jeulin [34, Proposition (4.16), Chap. IV] or Dellacherie et al. [24, Théorème 76, Chap. XX].
The results in the following lemma sound new to us.
Lemma A.2
Let \(A\) be a nondecreasing and \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process, and suppose that \(G>0\). Then the following assertions hold:
(a) For any \(\theta \in L(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\), there exists \({\varphi}\in L(S,\mathbb{F})\) such that \({\varphi}={\theta} \) on \(]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]\).
(b) Let \(V\) be an \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process. Then \(V I_{]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]}\leq 0\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. if and only if \(V\leq 0\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e.
(c) Let \(Y\) be an \(\mathbb{F}\)-optional process. Then \(Y\) is \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally bounded if and only if \(Y^{\tau}\) is \(\mathbb{G}\)-locally bounded.
Proof
(a) Let \(\theta \in{ L}(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\). Then on the one hand, due to Stricker [50, Theorem 1.16, or Remark 2.2(h)], this is equivalent to the set
being bounded in probability. On the other hand, by Lemma A.1(a), we deduce that there exists an \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process \(\varphi \) such that \(\theta =\varphi \) on \(]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]\), and the \(\mathbb{G}\)-predictability in \(\mathcal{X}^{\mathbb{G}}\) can be replaced with \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictability as well. Furthermore, for any \(T\in (0,\infty )\), any \(c>0\) and any \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable \(H\) bounded by one, by putting \(Q:=(G_{T}/E[G_{T}])\cdot P\approx P\) and \(X^{*}_{t}:=\sup _{0\leq s\leq t}\vert X_{s}\vert \) for a right-continuous with left limits process \(X\), we have
This allows us to conclude, due to Stricker [50, Theorem 1.16, or Remark 2.2(h)] again, that \(\varphi \in L(S^{T},\mathbb{F})\), for any \(T\in (0,\infty )\). Thus (a) follows from combining this latter fact and Chou et al. [9, Theorem 4].
(b) Let \(V\) be an \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process such that \(V I_{]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]}\leq 0\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. This is equivalent to
or \(V^{+}=0\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. This is obviously equivalent to \(V\leq 0\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e.
(c) If \(Y\) is \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally bounded, then obviously \(Y^{\tau}\) is \(\mathbb{G}\)-locally bounded. To prove the converse, we consider a sequence of \(\mathbb{G}\)-stopping times that increase to infinity almost surely and such that \(\vert Y^{\tau \wedge T_{n}}\vert \leq C_{n}\) for some \(C_{n}\in (0,\infty )\). By applying Aksamit et al. [1, Proposition B.2(b)] and its proof to the sequence \((T_{n})\) and using \(\widetilde{G}\geq G>0\) and \(G_{-}>0\), we obtain a sequence \((\sigma _{n})\) of \(\mathbb{F}\)-stopping times that increase to infinity and \(\sigma _{n}\wedge \tau =T_{n}\wedge \tau \) for all \(n\). By taking the \(\mathbb{F}\)-optional projection on both sides of \(I_{]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]}\leq I_{\{\vert Y^{\sigma _{n}} \vert \leq C_{n}\}}\) and using again the positivity of \(\widetilde{G}\), we obtain \(\vert Y^{ \sigma _{n}}\vert \leq C_{n}\). □
The following recalls the \(\mathbb{G}\)-compensator of an \(\mathbb{F}\)-optional process stopped at \(\tau \).
Lemma A.3
Let \(V \in {\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{loc}} ({\mathbb{F}})\). Then we have
The proof of the lemma can be found in Aksamit et al. [1, Lemma 3.2].
Appendix B: Some useful martingale integrability properties
The results of this section are new and very useful.
Lemma B.1
Consider \(K\in {\mathcal{M}}_{0,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{H})\) with \(1+\Delta K>0\), and let \(H^{(0)}(K,\mathbb{H})\) be given by Definition 4.1. If \(E[H^{(0)}_{T}(K,\mathbb{H})]<\infty \), then \(E[\sqrt{[K,K]_{T}}]<\infty \) or, equivalently, \(E[ \sup _{0\leq t\leq T}\vert K_{t}\vert ]<\infty \).
Proof
Take \(K\) as above. Remark that for any \(\delta \in (0,1)\) and
we have
By combining this with (4.2), on the one hand, we deduce that
where \(\overline{C}_{\delta}:=\max (\delta /C_{\delta}, 2(1+\delta ))\). On the other hand, it is clear that
This gives the result. □
Proposition B.2
Let \(Z\) be a positive supermartingale such that \(Z_{0}=1\). Then the following assertions hold:
(a) There exists a unique pair \((K,V)\) such that \(K\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{H})\), \(V\) is nondecreasing and ℍ-predictable, \(K_{0}=V_{0}=0\), \(\Delta K>-1\) and \(Z=\mathcal{E}(K)\exp (-V)\). Furthermore,
(b) \(-\ln Z\) is a uniformly integrable submartingale if and only if there exist a uniformly integrable martingale \(N\) and a nondecreasing and predictable process \(V\) such that \(V_{0}=N_{0}=0\), \(\Delta N>-1, Z=\mathcal{E}(N)\exp (-V)\) and
(c) Suppose there exists a finite sequence \((Z^{(i)})_{i=1,\dots ,n}\) of positive supermartingales such that the product \(Z:= \prod _{i=1}^{n} Z^{(i)}\) is a supermartingale. Then \(-\ln Z\) is a uniformly integrable submartingale if and only if all \(-\ln Z^{(i)}\), \(i=1,\dots ,n\), are.
Proof
(a) Combining Jacod and Shiryaev [33, Theorem II.8.21] and \(Z_{-}\geq {^{p,\mathbb{F}}(Z)}>0\) implies the existence of a unique pair \((K,U)\), where \(K\) is an ℍ-local martingale and \(U\) is positive nonincreasing and ℍ-predictable such that \(K_{0}=0\), \(U_{0}=1\), \(\mathcal{E}(K)>0\) and \(Z=\mathcal{E}(K)U\). Thus it is enough to put \(V=-\ln U\), and the first statement of (a) is proved. By combining Definition 4.1 and Itô’s formula for \(\ln {\mathcal{E}}(X)\), for any \(X\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{H})\) with \(\Delta X>-1\), we derive
Thus (B.1) follows immediately.
(b) Due to (a), there exists a unique pair \((N,V)\) with \(N\in{\mathcal{{M}}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{H})\), \(V\) RCLL, nondecreasing and predictable, \(N_{0}=V_{0}=0\), \(\Delta N>-1\), \(Z=\mathcal{E}(N)\exp (-V)\) and
Suppose that \(-\ln Z\) is a uniformly integrable submartingale and let \((\tau _{n})\) be a sequence of stopping times that increase to infinity and such that each \(N^{\tau _{n}}\) is a martingale. By stopping (B.3) with \(\tau _{n}\) and taking expectations, we then get
As \(\{ -\ln Z_{\tau _{n}\wedge T} : n\geq 1\}\) is uniformly integrable and both \(V\) and \(H^{(0)}(N,\mathbb{H})\) are nondecreasing, (B.2) follows by letting \(n\) go to infinity. Conversely, if (B.2) holds, then \(E[H^{(0)}_{ T}(N,\mathbb{H}) ]<\infty \), and by combining this with Lemma B.1 and (B.3), we deduce that \(-\ln Z\) is a uniformly integrable submartingale and \(N\) is a uniformly integrable martingale.
(c) A direct application of (a) to each \(Z^{(i)}\) (\(i=1,\dots , n\)) implies the existence of \(N^{(i)}\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{H})\) and nondecreasing and predictable \(V^{(i)}\) such that \(\Delta N^{(i)}>-1\) and \(Z^{(i)}=\mathcal{E}(N^{(i)})\exp (-V^{(i)})\), \(i=1,\dots ,n\). Furthermore, we get
Hence \(-\ln Z\) is a uniformly integrable submartingale if and only if
or equivalently \(E [H^{(0)}_{T}(N^{(i)},\mathbb{H})+V^{(i)}_{T} ]<\infty \) for all \(i=1,\dots , n\), as all the processes \(H^{(0)}(N^{(i)},\mathbb{H})\) and \(V^{(i)}\), \(i=1,\dots ,n\), are nondecreasing with null initial values. By applying (b) to each \(Z^{(i)}\) for \(i=1,\dots ,n\), (c) follows immediately. □
Appendix C: Martingales’ parametrisation via predictable characteristics
Consider an arbitrary general model \((X, \mathbb{H},P)\), and recall the corresponding notation given in the first paragraph of Sect. 5 up to (5.1).
For the following result, we refer to Jacod [31, Theorem 3.75] and to Jacod and Shiryaev [33, Lemma III.4.24].
Theorem C.1
Let \(N\in {\mathcal{M}}_{0,\mathrm{loc}}\). Then there exist \(\phi \in L^{1}_{\mathrm{loc}}(X^{c})\), \(N'\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}\) with \([N',X]=0\), \(N'_{0}=0\) and functionals \(f\in {\widetilde{\mathcal{P}}}\) and \(g\in {\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}}\) such that the following hold:
(a) \(\sqrt{(f-1)^{2}\star \mu}\) and \((\sum (\widehat{f}- a)^{2}(1-a)^{-2} I_{\{a<1\}}I_{\{\Delta X=0\}} )^{1/2}\) belong to \(\mathcal{A}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}\).
(b) \((g^{2}\star \mu )^{1/2}\in{\mathcal{A}}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}\), \(M^{P}_{\mu}[g\ |\ {\widetilde {\mathcal{P}}}]=0\) \((P\otimes \mu )\)-a.e., \(\{a=1\}\subseteq \{\widehat{f}=1\}\) and
Appendix D: A result on the log-optimal portfolio: Choulli and Yansori [18]
Here, we consider the general setting and its notation as in the first paragraph of Sect. 5, where \((X,\mathbb{H},P)\) is an arbitrary general model.
Theorem D.1
Let \(X\) be an ℍ-semimartingale whose predictable characteristics are \((b,c,F, A )= (b^{X},c^{X},F^{X}, A^{X} )\), and let \(\mathcal{K}_{\mathrm{log}}\) be the function given by (5.3). Then the following assertions are equivalent:
(a) The set \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{log}}(X,\mathbb{H})\) given by (2.4) is not empty (i.e., \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{log}}(X,\mathbb{H})\neq\emptyset \)).
(b) There exists an ℍ-predictable process \(\widetilde{\psi}\in{\mathcal{L}}(X,\mathbb{H})\cap{ L}(X,\mathbb{H})\) such that for any \(\varphi \in {\mathcal{L}}(X,\mathbb{H})\), we have
(c) There exists a unique \(\widetilde{Z}\in{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{log}}(X,\mathbb{H})\) such that
(d) There exists a unique \(\widetilde{\theta}\in \Theta (X,\mathbb{H},P)\) such that
(e) The numéraire portfolio exists and its portfolio rate \(\widetilde{\Psi}\) satisfies (D.2) (with \(\widetilde{\psi}\) there replaced by \(\widetilde{\Psi}\)).
If one of the above holds, then \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. and
Appendix E: Proof of Lemmas 3.4, 4.4 and 5.12–5.14
This section has five subsections, where we prove these lemmas respectively.
5.1 E.1 Proof of Lemma 3.4
If \(Y\) is a nonnegative \(\mathbb{F}\)-supermartingale, the Doob–Meyer decomposition implies the existence of \(M\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{F})\) and a nondecreasing and \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process \(B\) such that \(Y=M-B\). Then Theorem 2.3(b) implies that both and are \(\mathbb{G}\)-local martingales. Thus by writing
we conclude that this process is a nonnegative \(\mathbb{G}\)-local supermartingale and hence a \(\mathbb{G}\)-supermartingale. To prove the converse implication, we assume is a \(\mathbb{G}\)-supermartingale. As a result, for bounded \(\mathbb{F}\)-stopping times \(\sigma _{1}\) and \(\sigma _{2}\) such that \(\sigma _{1}\leq \sigma _{2}\) \(P\)-a.s., we have
Conditioning on \(\mathcal{F}_{\sigma _{1}}\) and using and
we put and derive
Combining this with \({\widetilde{G}}\widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}=G\widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}_{-}\), \(Y\widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}_{-}dD^{o,\mathbb{F}}=-{\widetilde{G}}Yd \widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}\) and the integration by parts formula for \(Y\widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}\), we get
Thanks to this inequality and being nonnegative, we conclude that is an \(\mathbb{F}\)-supermartingale. Hence the local boundedness and positivity of \(\widetilde{\mathcal{{E}}}_{-}^{-1}\) imply that \(Y\) is a nonnegative \(\mathbb{F}\)-local supermartingale and then again an \(\mathbb{F}\)-supermartingale. □
5.2 E.2 Proof of Lemma 4.4
The proof of the lemma is achieved in three parts.
(a) Clearly, due to the local boundedness of both \(G_{-}^{-1}\) and \(m\), the processes and have variations that are \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally integrable. Therefore, by combining Lemma A.3, \(G_{-}I_{]\!\!]0,\infty [\!\![}={{}^{p, \mathbb{F}}(}I_{]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]})\), \(\widetilde{G} {=} G_{-}+\Delta m\) and Definition 4.1, we derive
This proves (a).
(b) and (c). On the one hand, for any \(Z^{\mathbb{G}}\in{\mathcal{D}}(S^{ \tau},\mathbb{G})\), Theorem 2.3 leads to the existence of a triplet \((Z^{\mathbb{F}}, \varphi ^{(o)}, \varphi ^{ (\mathrm{pr})} )\) that belongs to
and satisfies
and
This implies that
Hence, thanks to Proposition B.2(c), we deduce that \(Z^{\mathbb{G}}\in {\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{log}}(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\) if and only if is in \(\mathcal{D}_{\mathrm{log}}(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\) and and are uniformly integrable \(\mathbb{G}\)-submartingales, and (4.6) follows immediately. This proves (b). On the other hand, thanks to Theorem 2.3(c), the process always belongs to \(\mathcal{D}(S^{\tau},\mathbb{G})\) as soon as \(Z\in {\mathcal{D}}(S,\mathbb{F})\), and hence
By combining this with (b) (or equivalently (4.6)), we conclude that (4.7) holds, and (c) is proved.
(d) Consider \(Z^{\mathbb{F}}\in {\mathcal{D}}(S,\mathbb{F})\). From Proposition B.2(a), we obtain the existence of \(K\in {\mathcal{M}}_{0,\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{F})\) and a nondecreasing and \(\mathbb{F}\)-predictable process \(V\) such that \(V_{0}=K_{0}=0\) and \(Z^{\mathbb{F}}:=\mathcal{E}(K)\exp (-V)\). Therefore, we derive
The third equality follows from combining the fact that \(V-V^{p,\mathbb{G}}\in {\mathcal{M}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{G})\) for any \(V\in {\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{G})\) and Lemma A.1(e). Using now (E.1), Lemma A.3 and that (so that is a uniformly integrable \(\mathbb{G}\)-submartingale), (4.8) follows immediately. □
5.3 E.3 Proof of Lemma 5.12
Let \(W\) be a \(\widetilde{\mathcal{P}}(\mathbb{F})\)-measurable function such that \(W\star (\mu ^{\tau}-\nu ^{\mathbb{G}})\) is a well-defined \(\mathbb{G}\)-local martingale and \(\widehat{Wf_{m}}\) is \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally bounded. Then by putting
and using Definition 5.1, we deduce that
Consider \(\Phi (y):=y^{2}(1+y)^{-1}, y\geq 0\), and remark that for any \(y_{1}\geq 0,y_{2}\geq 0\) and \(\alpha \geq 0\), we have
Then by Jacod [31, Proposition III.3.68], (E.2) holds iff
Thus on the one hand, by combining the fact that \(E[V_{T}]=E[V^{p,\mathbb{H}}_{T}]=E[V^{o,\mathbb{H}}_{T}]\) for any nondecreasing RCLL process \(V\), Lemma A.1(d), (5.28), (E.2) and that both \(G_{-}\) and \(1/G_{-}\) are \(\mathbb{F}\)-locally bounded, we conclude that (E.4) is equivalent to each of the two equivalent conditions
and
On the other hand, combining the second condition in (E.5) with the claim that
implies that
Furthermore, due to (E.3) and \(f_{m}=M^{P}_{\mu}[{\widetilde{G}}G_{-}^{-1}|{\widetilde{\mathcal{P}}}( \mathbb{F})]\leq G_{-}^{-1}\), we have
Thus by combining this with the local boundedness of both \(G_{-}^{-1}\) and \(\widehat{Wf_{m}}\), (E.8), the first condition in (E.5) and \(\sqrt{(f_{m}-1)^{2}\star \mu}\in {\mathcal{A}}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{F})\), we get
Using Jacod [31, Proposition III.3.68] again, we conclude that \((f_{m}W)\star (\mu -\nu )\) is a well-defined \(\mathbb{F}\)-local martingale. Similar arguments allow us to deduce that \((Wg_{m})\star \mu \) is a well-defined \(\mathbb{F}\)-local martingale iff \(\Phi (\vert Wg_{m}\vert )\star \mu \in {\mathcal{A}}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}( \mathbb{F})\). To prove this, we use (E.3) and write
Then by combining this with the first condition in (E.5) and (E.6), the fact that \(\vert g_{m}\vert \leq{G}_{-}^{-1}\widetilde{G}+f_{m}\leq 2{G}_{-}^{-1}\) on \(\{\Delta S\neq0\}\), the local boundedness of \(\widehat{Wf_{m}}\) and \(\sqrt{g_{m}^{2}\star \mu}\in {\mathcal{A}}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{F})\), we deduce that \(\Phi (\vert Wg_{m}\vert )\star \mu \in {\mathcal{A}}^{+}_{\mathrm{loc}}( \mathbb{F})\). Hence the proof of the lemma is complete as soon as we prove (E.7).
To prove (E.7), we first remark that \(1+G_{-}^{-1} \Delta m>0\) implies that
or equivalently \(\{a<1\}\subseteq \{\widehat{f_{m}}<1\}\). Secondly, we consider the sequence
for any \(n\geq 2\) and remark that this sequence of \(\mathbb{F}\)-stopping times increases to infinity. Furthermore, on \([\!\![0, T_{n}[\!\![\), we have \(Y\leq (1-K)^{-1}\leq n\). This proves that the predictable process \(Y\) is \(\mathbb{F}\)-prelocally bounded, and so (E.7) follows from Lenglart’s lemma; see Dellacherie and Meyer [25, VIII.11]. This ends the proof of the lemma. □
5.4 E.4 Proof of Lemma 5.13
Let \(\theta _{1}\) and \(\theta _{2}\) be two elements of \(\mathcal{L}(S,\mathbb{F})\) such that for any \(\theta \in{\mathcal{L}}(S,\mathbb{F})\), and \(i = 1,2\),
By considering \(\theta =\theta _{3-i}\) for (E.9) and adding the resulting two inequalities, we get
Thus on the one hand, we deduce that \(c\theta _{1}=c\theta _{2}\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. and \(\theta _{1}^{\mathrm{tr}}x=\theta _{2}^{\mathrm{tr}}x\) \((P\otimes A \otimes F)\)-a.e. On the other hand, using these two facts and again putting \(\theta =\theta _{3-i}\) in (E.9), we conclude that \(\theta _{1}^{\mathrm{tr}}b=\theta _{2}^{\mathrm{tr}}b\) \((P\otimes A)\)-a.e. This ends the proof of the lemma. □
5.5 E.5 Proof of Lemma 5.14
This proof is achieved in three parts.
(a) To simplify the notation, we put
Hence we get \(\Delta{\widetilde{L}}^{\mathbb{F}}=f(1-a+\widehat{f})^{-1}I_{\{\Delta S \neq0\}}-1+(1-a+\widehat{f})^{-1}I_{\{\Delta S=0\}}\) and
Then by combining this with Definition 4.1, \({\widetilde{G}}=G_{-}(f_{m}(\Delta S)+g_{m}(\Delta S))\) on \(\{ \Delta S\neq0\}\), and \(\Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}}=a-{\widehat{f}}\), we derive
Now note that \(\vert f_{m}\vert +\vert g_{m}\vert \leq 3G_{-}^{-1}\), \((1-\Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}})^{-1}\) is locally bounded due to its predictability and \(\Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}}<1\) and both processes \((f-1-\ln f)\star \nu \) and
are locally bounded. These latter remarks imply that
is an \(\mathbb{F}\)-local martingale with finite variation. Thus by combining all these facts with (E.10), we obtain
Hence, by combining this with , (5.17) and (5.18), we derive
This proves (5.44), and the proof of (a) is completed.
(b) Here, we calculate . To this end, we use (5.2) to get
and derive
The local boundedness of \(m\) and of \(G_{-}^{-1}\) imply that . Hence all the first three processes on the RHS term of the above equality are locally integrable, while the last term is a local martingale with finite variation due to the local boundedness of \((\widehat{f}-a)/(1-a+\widehat{f})=\Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}}/(1- \Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}})\). Thus (b) follows immediately from combining these remarks with the above equality, \(a-\widehat{f}=\Delta {\widetilde{V}}^{\mathbb{F}}\), \(^{p,\mathbb{F}}(I_{\{\Delta S=0\}})=1-a\) and
(c) Clearly, we have \(E[V_{T}]=E[V^{p,\mathbb{F}}_{T}]\) for any nondecreasing process \(V\), while (5.47) follows directly from (5.10) and (5.6). It remains to prove (5.46). To this end, we recall that \(\Delta{\widetilde{K}}^{\mathbb{G}}= ({\widetilde{\Gamma}}(1+{ \widetilde{\varphi}}^{\mathrm{tr}}\Delta S)^{-1}-1 )I_{]\!\!]0,\tau ]\!\!]}\), see (5.39) for details, and we use Definition 4.1 to derive
which is a nondecreasing and integrable process. Thus all processes above have integrable variations. By applying Lemma A.3 to the processes on the RHS of the latter equality and using the fact that \(\widetilde{G}=G_{-}(f_{m}(\Delta S)+g_{m}(\Delta S))\) on \(\{\Delta S\neq0\}\), (5.46) follows immediately. □
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choulli, T., Yansori, S. Log-optimal and numéraire portfolios for market models stopped at a random time. Finance Stoch 26, 535–585 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00780-022-00477-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00780-022-00477-8
Keywords
- Random horizon
- Log-optimal portfolio
- Numéraire portfolio
- Deflators
- Informational risks
- Utility
- Progressive enlargement of filtration
- Asymmetric information
- Semimartingales and predictable characteristics