Structural similarity and functional diversity in diiron-oxo proteins

Abstract

 Diiron-oxo proteins currently represent one of the most rapidly developing areas of bioinorganic chemistry. All of these proteins contain a four-helix bundle protein fold surrounding a (μ-carboxylato)diiron core, and most, if not all, of the diiron(II) sites appear to react with O₂ as part of their functional processes. Despite these common characteristics, an emerging functional diversity is one of the most striking aspects of this class of proteins. X-ray crystal structures of diiron(II) sites are now available for four of these proteins: hemerythrin (Hr), the hydroxylase protein of methane monooxygenase (MMOH), the R2 protein of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR-R2), and a plant acyl-carrier protein Δ⁹-desaturase. The structure of the diiron(II) site in Hr, the sole O₂ carrier in the group, is clearly distinct from the other three, whose function is oxygen activation. The Hr diiron site is more histidine rich, and the oxygen-activating diiron sites contain a pair of (D/E)X_30–37EX₂H ligand sequence motifs, which is clearly not found in Hr. The Hr diiron site apparently permits only terminal O₂ coordination to a single iron, whereas the oxygen-activating diiron(II) centers present open or labile coordination sites on both irons of the center, and show a much greater coordinative flexibility upon oxidation to the diiron(III) state. Intermediates at the formal Fe^IIIFe^III and Fe^IVFe^IV oxidation levels for MMOH and formal Fe^IIIFe^IV oxidation level for RNR-R2 have been identified during reactions of the diiron(II) sites with O₂. An [Fe₂(μ-O)₂]^4+, 3+ "diamond core" structure has been proposed for the latter two oxidation levels. The intermediate at the Fe^IIIFe^IV oxidation level in RNR-R2 is kinetically competent to generate a stable, functionally essential tyrosyl radical. The Fe^IVFe^IV oxidation level is presumed to effect hydroxylation of hydrocarbons in MMOH, but the mechanism of this hydroxylation, particularly the involvement of discrete radicals, is currently controversial. The biological function of diiron sites in three members of this class, rubrerythrin, ferritin and bacterioferritin, remains enigmatic.