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Associations of pyrethroid exposure with bone mineral density and osteopenia in adults

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Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

This study was to investigate the correlations between pyrethroid exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) and osteopenia.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional study included 1389 participants over 50 years of age drawn from the 2007–2010 and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Three pyrethroid metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3PBA) were used as indicators of pyrethroid exposure. Low BMD was defined as T-score < − 1.0, including osteopenia. Weighted multivariable linear regression analysis or logistic regression analysis was utilized to evaluate the correlation between pyrethroid exposure and BMD and low BMD. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was utilized to analyze the correlation between pyrethroids mixed exposure and low BMD.

Results

There were 648 (48.41%) patients with low BMD. In individual pyrethroid metabolite analysis, both tertile 2 and tertile 3 of trans-DCCA were negatively related to total femur, femur neck, and total spine BMD [coefficient (β) = − 0.041 to − 0.028; all P < 0.05]. Both tertile 2 and tertile 3 of 4-F-3PBA were negatively related to total femur BMD (P < 0.05). Only tertile 2 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.48] and tertile 3 (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.50) of trans-DCCA was correlated with an increased risk of low BMD. The BKMR analysis indicated that there was a positive tendency between mixed pyrethroids exposure and low BMD.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pyrethroids exposure was negatively correlated with BMD levels, and the associations of pyrethroids with BMD and low BMD varied by specific pyrethroids, pyrethroid concentrations, and bone sites.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from NHANES database, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm.

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Funding

This research was supported by the Jilin Provincial Scientific and Technological Development Program (No. YDZJ202301ZYTS126).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Spine Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, China

    Zhubin Shen, Fengyi Zhang, Xiaoqing Guan, Yuan Zong, Ding Zhang & Fei Yin

  2. Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China

    Zhiming Liu

  3. Department of Toxicology, School of Public, Health of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China

    Rui Wang, Qian Xue, Wenxuan Ma, Ruijian Zhuge & Li Guo

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Contributions

ZS and FY designed the study. ZS wrote the manuscript. FZ, XG, ZL, YZ, DZ, RW, QX, WM, RZ and LG collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data. FY critically reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhubin Shen or Fei Yin.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Protocols of NHANES have been approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent. This study used publicly available de-identified data and did not require additional ethical approval.

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Supplementary Information

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774_2024_1499_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary file1 Supplementary Figure 1. Correlations between different pyrethroid metabolites. The closer the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is to 1 the stronger the correlation. Positive values represent positive correlations and negative values represent negative correlations. 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; 4-F-3PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. (TIF 1026 KB)

774_2024_1499_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary file2 Supplementary Figure 2. Association between exposure 1 with low BMD (T-score < − 1.0), while fixing exposure 2 at different percentiles (there are the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles) and all the others at their median levels. When the three quantile lines (10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles) are parallel, it indicates that there is no interaction between the two corresponding exposures. Model was adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI, parental fracture, and anti-osteoporosis therapy. 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; 4-F-3PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. (TIF 2354 KB)

774_2024_1499_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary file3 Supplementary Figure 3. Weight coefficients of each component of the pyrethroid metabolites mixture for low BMD in the quantile-based g computation (qgcomp) model. The longer the column, the greater the effect of the chemical. Model adjusted for age, gender, race, BMI, parental fracture, and anti-osteoporosis therapy. 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; 4-F-3PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. (TIF 899 KB)

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Shen, Z., Zhang, F., Guan, X. et al. Associations of pyrethroid exposure with bone mineral density and osteopenia in adults. J Bone Miner Metab 42, 242–252 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-024-01499-2

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