Skip to main content
Log in

The meaning of measurement in metrology

  • Discussion Forum
  • Published:
Accreditation and Quality Assurance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The latest version of the International Vocabulary of Metrology gives a meaning of measurement restricted to quantities that can be represented by numerical values and placed in an ordinal sequence. This restrictive definition fits poorly with both the colloquial and the wider scientific understanding of measurement. This paper suggests an extension to the metrological definition of measurement, based on the measurement classification scheme of Stevens, to incorporate non-numerical and nominal measurements. The more inclusive definition and the classification scheme offers insights into the utility, metrological traceability, and limitations of measurements and uncertainty treatments, and enables clarification of other measurement-related definitions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. v Helmholtz H Zahlen und Messen (1887) erkenntnis-theoretisch betrachtet, in Philosophische Aufsatze E Zeller gewidmet, Leipzig, pp 17–52. Translated into English by Lowe MF as numbering and measuring from an epistemological viewpoint in Cohen RS, Elkana Y (eds) (1977) Hermann von Helmholtz: epistemological writings, from Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 37, pp 73–114

  2. Stevens SS (1946) On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103:677–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Campbell NR (1957) Foundations of Science: the Philosophy of theory and experiment. Dover, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ellis B (1966) Basic concepts of measurement. Cambridge University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Berka K (1983) Scales of measurement. In: Cohen RS, Wartofsky MW (eds) Language, logic, and method. D Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht, pp 1–73

    Google Scholar 

  6. Finkelstein L, Leaning MS (1984) A review of the fundamental concepts of measurement. Measurement 2:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Savage CW, Ehrlich P (1992) Philosophical and foundational issues. Measurement theory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  8. Piotrowski P (1992) Theory of physical and technical measurement. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hand DJ (2004) Measurement theory and practice. The World through quantification. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  10. Narens L (2007) Introduction to the theories of measurement and meaningfulness and use of symmetries in science. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bridgeman PW (1927) The logic of modern physics. MacMillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  12. BIPM (2008) International vocabulary of metrology—basic and general concepts and associated terms. BIPM, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  13. Luce RD, Tukey JW (1964) Simultaneous conjoint measurement: a new type of fundamental measurement. J Math Psych 1:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Coombs CH (1950) Psychological scaling without a unit of measurement. Pschol Rev 57:145–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Panico R, Powell W H, Richer J (1998) A guide to IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds : (recommendations 1993) IUPAC, Oxford

  16. Connelly N G (2005) Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005, RSC Publishing, Cambridge

  17. Jerrard HG, McNeil DB (1992) Dictionary of scientific units. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  18. Velleman PF, Wilkinson L (1993) Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio typologies are misleading. Am Stat 47:65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lord FM (1953) On the statistical treatment of football numbers. Am Psych 8:750–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Scholten AZ, Borsboom D (2009) A realanysis of lord’s treatment of football numbers. J Math Psychol 53:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Simpson JA (1981) Foundations of metrology. NBS J Res 86:281–292

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chrisman NR (1998) Rethinking levels of measurement for cartography. CaGIS 25:231–242

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chrisman NR (1995) Beyond Stevens: a revised approach to measurement for geographic information. In: Proceedings of AUTO-CARTO 12 (Bethseda: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping) 271–280

  24. Price G, De Bièvre P (2009) Simple principles for metrology in chemistry: identifying and counting. Accred Qual Assur 14:295–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wolman AG (2006) Measurement and meaningfulness in conservation science. Cons Bio 20:1626–1634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hoffman R (1995) The same and not the same. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  27. Preston-Thomas H (1990) The international temperature scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3–10, also erratum: Metrologia, 27, 107 1990. (The full text of the amended version of ITS-90 is available at http://www.bipm.fr/en/committees/cc/cct/publications_cc.html).BIPM (1996)

  28. Fischer J, DePodesta M, Hill KD, Moldover M, Pitre L, Rusby R, Steur P, Tamura O, White D R, Wolber L (2010) Differences between thermodynamic temperatures and ITS-90, Int J Thermophys. (In Press)

  29. ISO (1995) Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. ISO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  30. PM BI (2006) The international system of units, 8th edn. BIPM, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nicholas JV, White DR (2001) Traceable temperatures. An introduction to temperature measurement and calibration. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of one of the referees with particularly constructive comments and additional references.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rod White.

Additional information

Papers published in this section do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Editors, the Editorial Board and the Publisher.

A critical and constructive debate in the Discussion Forum or a Letter to the Editor is strongly encouraged!

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

White, R. The meaning of measurement in metrology. Accred Qual Assur 16, 31–41 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-010-0698-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-010-0698-1

Keywords

Navigation