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The island of Elba (Tuscany, Italy) at the crossroads of ancient trade routes: an archaeometric investigation of dolia defossa from the archaeological site of San Giovanni

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Abstract

Dolia are large pottery containers used in Roman times for the storage and fermentation of wine. They were produced in specialized pottery workshops (figlinae) and were typically marked with specific epigraphical stamps, which represent a major tool to unravel their provenance and trade. In this work we present the preliminary results of a study of two dolia defossa, recently found at San Giovanni (Portoferraio, island of Elba, Italy) during 2012–2014 archaeological excavations in a Roman farm (late 2nd cent. BC-1st cent. AD), devoted to wine production and probably constituting the antecedent archaeological phase of the adjacent “Villa delle Grotte”. Based on archaeological (epigraphic) evidence, five different production areas have been hypothesized: 1) Elba island, where the dolia have been found; 2) the municipal figlinae in the Pisa territory; 3) the middle catchment of the Tiber river (central Latium) where “urban” figlinae occurred; 4) the figlinae of Minturno (southern Latium), a locality known both for wine production and exportation and for the presence of ancient figlinae; 5) the municipal figlinae in the Volterra territory. Archaeometric analysis of tempering agents intentionally added to the clay for the manufacturing of the dolia, particularly magmatic lithic fragments and clinopyroxene crystals, allowed us to suggest that the watershed of the central Tiber Valley - including different volcanic centres belonging to both Tuscany Magmatic Province (Monti Cimini) and Roman Magmatic Province (Monti Vulsini and Vico volcano) - could have been the most likely sites of production of the dolia found at San Giovanni. Alternatively, the site of Minturno (southern Latium) could be proposed.

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Notes

  1. Small copper ores are present, but, unlike iron deposits, their economic relevance was minor (cf. Chiarantini et al. 2009)

  2. Including: Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, Università di Firenze, Università di Siena, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, CNR-Pisa, Sistema dei Civici Musei Archeologici dell’Isola d’Elba. For an up-to-date review of all research projects carried out by the Aithale team see Alderighi et al. (2013).

  3. The Intra-Apennine Province of Peccerillo (2005) is not considered here because the paper is mainly focussed on the Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy.

  4. More details can be found in the unpublished graduation thesis by Falcioni S. “Indagine archeometallurgica sul sito romano di produzione del ferro di San Giovanni, Portoferraio (Isola d’Elba)”, Tesi di Laurea in Tecnologia per la Conservazione e il Restauro dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Firenze (2010), and Manca R. “Archaeometric study of materials from the archaeological excavations at the Roman iron-working site of San Giovanni (Portoferraio), Elba island”, Tesi di Laurea in Diagnostica e Materiali per la Conservazione e il Restauro, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 2014).

  5. It is worth noting that epigraphical studies devoted to opus doliare only rarely refer to dolia, but much more commonly to other building materials (bricks, etc.)

  6. This attribution is based on chemical analysis on the Terra Sigillata found in Haltern (Germany), marked as well with the VOLVS stamps (references in Gliozzo et al. 2004).

  7. The stamps recovered at Villa delle Grotte include (Dallai et al. 2006): “urban” stamps [SEXT. ANNI; Q.CUSPI; L.GRANI. L.L. INGE(NVI); ()CORIMB()]; “extra-urban” stamps from ager Volterranus [A.CAEC(INAE); C. LAR (GI)] In contrast, stamps from ager Pisanus have been documented at Capo Castello: EUHEMER (VS); M. APPI [sive PAMP(HILI? ILENI?] s./ F(INXIT) CARSIMARVS.

  8. The use of this kind of shipments is limited in space and time: they were used for trading wine from southern Latium (exactly from Minturno) to Gaul and Spain from the Augustan Age to the 1st century AD. The trade followed two routes: one along the Tyrrhenian coast, passing by Liguria and then eastern Gaul, and the other along a deep-sea course, via the Tuscan Archipelago, Sardinia and Corsica, up to western Gaul and Spain (Panella 1998).

  9. The dolium from the shipwreck of Punta del Nasuto, which is the closest to the Elba’s coast, yielded a stamp that can be referred to the gens Umidia. The latter originated nearby Gaeta, i.e. not far from gens Pirana’s Minturno (Gambogi and Scaradozzi 2011). On-going studies might clarify the possible connections between the two families.

  10. The name of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, member of gens Valeria, appears on the stamps found in San Giovanni. His son, Marcus Aurelius Cotta Massimus Messalinus, took the cognomen “Cotta” after being adopted by his maternal uncle Marcus Aurelius Cotta. He inherited the property of the island of Elba and in 8 AD he is reported as the owner of Villa delle Grotte (Alderighi et al. 2013).

  11. Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe2+ + Fe3+)

  12. Actually the Monti Vulsini volcanic district occurs in northern Latium, i.e. rather distant from the main “urban” area. Still, some outcrops of the Bolsena Complex are located nearby the Paglia River, tributary of the Tiber, just at the northern limit of the urban figlinae area (Filippi and Stanco 2005) and therefore are taken into consideration.

  13. It is not possible to obtain further information on the clay type used by potters without additional (chemical) analyses of the matrix, which could eventually provide a supplementary tool for provenance determination of the dolia.

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Acknowledgments

We thank other colleagues of the Aithale team (particularly Lorella Alderighi, Nicola Saredo, Caterina Xue Hai Chiesa, Luisa Quaglia, Luisa Zito) and many students enrolled in course degrees in Archaeology (Univ. of Siena and Pisa) and Science for Cultural heritage (Univ. of Firenze) for their participation in archaeological excavations at San Giovanni since 2012. Laura Cerri is acknowledged for the geophysical survey conducted over the iron-working site of San Giovanni in 2012. Raffaella, Chiara and Paolo Gasparri are warmly thanked for allowing excavations to be carried out on their property and for their generous hospitality to students and researchers. Costs of laboratory analyses were covered by a MIUR (PRIN 2010–11, responsible P. Costagliola) grant. Financial support for excavations and scientific research came from MIUR funds to M.B. and F.C. and from sponsorship by “Italia Nostra Arcipelago Toscano”, “Assoshipping”, and “Arrighi Vigne & Olivi Isola d’Elba”. Prof. Angelo Peccerillo and Prof. Paul Mazza are sincerely thanked for comments, discussion and revision of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy

    Rosarosa Manca, Elena Pecchioni, Alba P. Santo, Laura Chiarantini, Pilario Costagliola & Marco Benvenuti

  2. Scienze e Materiali per la Conservazione e il Restauro, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 40-44, 50134, Florence, Italy

    Rosarosa Manca

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche e dei Beni Culturali, Università di Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Laura Pagliantini & Franco Cambi

  4. Laboratorio di Scienze dell’Antichità, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Alessandro Corretti

  5. IGG-CNR, Florence, Italy

    Andrea Orlando

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Manca, R., Pagliantini, L., Pecchioni, E. et al. The island of Elba (Tuscany, Italy) at the crossroads of ancient trade routes: an archaeometric investigation of dolia defossa from the archaeological site of San Giovanni. Miner Petrol 110, 693–711 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-016-0438-2

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