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Hemiptera-induced galls of Sapium glandulosum have histological and cytological compartmentalization created with a large amount of carbohydrate

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Abstract

Gall formation impacts the development of plant species by altering the structure and mobilization of reserves, and the functional and physiological patterns of the host organ. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact generated by the Neolithus fasciatus galling insect (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Sapium glandulosum leaves (Euphorbiaceae) at the cytological, histological, histochemical, and biochemical levels. Non-galled leaves and galls in the young, mature, and senescent stages were evaluated. The non-galled leaf has a uniseriate epidermis, stomata only on the abaxial side, a dorsiventral mesophyll, and parenchyma cells with thin primary walls containing chloroplasts with plastoglobules. The gall has a parenchymatous compartmentalized cortex. The young and mature galls already have a dense cytoplasm, especially in the inner cells of the cortex, with chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and large and evident nuclei. In senescent galls, there are signs of organelle degradation and cell digestion. Carbohydrates occur in greater amounts in the mature gall, mainly in the starch grain form, while proteins and lipids predominate in non-galled leaves. Secondary metabolites occur mainly in the young gall and may be related to its protection and to the signaling of its development. Sapium glandulosum galls have histological and cytological compartmentalization of the cortex with a large amount of carbohydrates, which supply energy to maintain the development of the structure.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Vitor Martini for the support with the statistical analyses.

Funding

The current study was financed in part Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” – Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001—with a scholarship granted to Lorena Moreira Pires Rosa. The authors also thank “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico”—Brazil (CNPq) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, Jataí, Brazil

    Lorena Moreira Pires Rosa, Maraíza Sousa Silva & Vinícius Coelho Kuster

  2. Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro

  3. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Mariana Machado

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  1. Lorena Moreira Pires Rosa
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  4. Mariana Machado
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Contributions

LMPR and VCK were responsible for conceptualization and for the experimental design. LMPR and MSS conducted experiments and collected samples and data. RGSC performed plant cell analyses and interpretations. MM performed biochemical analyses and interpretations. VCK was responsible for project coordination and funding acquisition, and also supervised all steps. All authors wrote, revised, and edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vinícius Coelho Kuster.

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Rosa, L.M.P., Silva, M.S., da Silva Carneiro, R.G. et al. Hemiptera-induced galls of Sapium glandulosum have histological and cytological compartmentalization created with a large amount of carbohydrate. Protoplasma 261, 593–606 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01921-y

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