Abstract
Staminal nectaries show diversity in their position, size, shape, color, and number in Ranunculales. In Papaveraceae, nectaries only appear at the base of stamen in these lineages with disymmetric and zygomorphic flowers. However, the diversity of the staminal nectaries’ developmental characteristics and structure is unknown. The diversity of staminal nectaries of Hypecoum erectum, Ichtyoselmis macrantha, Adlumia asiatica, Dactylicapnos torulosa, Corydalis edulis, and Fumaria officinalis (six species belonging to six genera, respectively) in the Fumarioideae was investigated under scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In all species studied, according to the developmental characteristics of the nectaries, four developmental stages can be divided into initiation, enlargement, differentiation, and maturation, and the number of nectaries can be determined at the stage of initiation (stage 1), and morphological differentiation occurs at the developmental stage 3. The staminal nectaries consist of secretory epidermis, parenchyma tissue, and phloem with some sieve tube elements reaching the secretory parenchyma cells; however, the number of cell layers of parenchyma can vary from 30 to 40 in I. macrantha and D. torulosa, to only 5 to 10 like in F. officinalis. Secretory epidermis cells are larger than secretory parenchyma cells with abundant microchannels on the outer cell wall. There were abundant mitochondria, Golgi bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and plastids in secretory parenchyma cells. Nectar is stored in the intercellular space and exuded to the exterior via microchannels. In A. asiatica, according to the evidence of small secretory cell characteristics such as dense cytoplasm, and numerous mitochondria, together with the filamentous secretions present on the surface of epidermal cells on groove, it can be inferred that the U-shaped sulcate which is located in the white projection formed at the filament of triplets in A. asiatica is nectariferous.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Si-Yu Xie for plant material collection. We are very grateful to Mr. Guo-Yun Zhang of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, for assistance with scanning electron microscopy.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31770203, 31100141 to Xiao-Hui Zhang) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. GK202002011 to Ju-Qing Kang).
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Xiao-Hui Zhang designed the research, validated, and critically supervised the work. Xiao-Jia Wang contributed to the data analysis and wrote the manuscript. Xu-Qian Lv contributed to the epidermal micromorphology of A. asiatica. Qing-Qing Zhu made the ultrathin sections of C. edulis.
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Fig. S1. Micromorphology of staminal nectaries in Fumarioideae. a-c H. erectum. a Adaxial (left), lateral (right) side of a mature nectary. b Tabular polygonal smooth cells (TSmP) (type 1), c Tabular rectangular smooth cells (TSmR) (type 2). d-f I. macrantha. d Adaxial (left), lateral (right) side of a mature nectary showing TSmP (type 1) and TSmR (type 2) in e and f respectively. g-i A. asiatica. g Adaxial (left) side and enlargement of the base of the filament (right) of a mature nectary showing TSmP (type 1) and TSmO (type 3) in h and i respectively. j-l D. torulosa. j Adaxial (left), lateral (right) side of a mature nectary showing TSmP (type 1) and Tabular elongated striation cells (TStE) (type 5) in k and l respectively. m-p C. edulis. m Adaxial (left), lateral (right) side of a mature nectary showing TSmP (type 1), Papillose conical polygonal cells with punctate (PCPP) (type 4) and TStE (type 5) in n, o and p respectively. q-s F. officinalis. q Adaxial (left), lateral (right) side of a mature nectary showing TSmP (type 1) and PCPP (type 4) in r and s respectively. The numbers represent cell types and the different colored areas represent different cell types. Scale bars: a = 200μm; b-c, e-f, h-i, k-l, n-o, r-s = 10μm; d, j, g, m, q = 1mm; p = 20μm. (JPG 2764 KB)
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Wang, XJ., Lv, XQ., Zhu, QQ. et al. Diversity of staminal nectariferous appendages in disymmetric and zygomorphic flowers of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae). Protoplasma 260, 1453–1467 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01861-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-023-01861-7