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Transgenic tobacco co-expressing flavodoxin and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase confers cadmium tolerance through boosting antioxidant capacity

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Abstract

Excessive heavy metal (HM) levels in soil have become a source of concern due to their adverse effects on human health and the agriculture industry. Soil contamination by HMs leads to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) within the plant cell and disruption of photosynthesis-related proteins. The response of tobacco lines overexpressing flavodoxin (Fld) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) to cadmium (Cd) toxicity was investigated in this study. PCR results demonstrated the expected amplicon length of each gene in the transgenic lines. Absolute qRT-PCR demonstrates a single copy of T-DNA integration into each transgenic line. Relative qRT-PCR confirmed overexpression of Fld and BADH in transgenic lines. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was measured under Cd toxicity stress and revealed that transgenic lines had a higher Fv/Fm than wild-type (WT) plants. Accumulation of proline, glycine betaine (GB), and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes alongside lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was indicative of a robust antioxidant system in transgenic plants. Therefore, performing a loop in reducing the ROS produced in the photosynthesis electron transport chain and stimulating the ROS scavenger enzyme activity improved the plant tolerance to Cd stress.

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Fig. 1
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taken from three independent biological replicates. Different lower case letters above columns indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 and show significant differences compared with WT plants

Fig. 6
Fig. 7

taken from three independent biological replicates. Different lower case letters above columns indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 and indicate significant differences when compared with WT plants

Fig. 8

taken from three independent biological replicates. Different lower case letters above columns indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 and indicate significant differences when compared with WT plants

Fig. 9

taken from three independent biological replicates. Different lower case letters above columns indicate significant difference at the P < 0.05 and indicate significant differences when compared with WT plants

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Abbreviations

HM:

Heavy metal

WT:

Wild type

GB:

Glycine betaine

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

BADH :

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran

    Mehrdad Shahbazi, Masoud Tohidfar & Farzaneh Yazdanpanah

  2. Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, 1417935840, Tehran, Iran

    Sasan Aliniaeifard

  3. Park at the, Danforth Plant Science Center, KWS Gateway Research Center, LLC, BRDG, Saint Louis, MO, USA

    Massimo Bosacchi

Authors
  1. Mehrdad Shahbazi
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  2. Masoud Tohidfar
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  3. Sasan Aliniaeifard
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  4. Farzaneh Yazdanpanah
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  5. Massimo Bosacchi
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Contributions

Mehrdad Shahbazi: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing-original draft preparation, reviewing and editing.

Masoud Tohidfar: conceptualization, supervision, methodology, data curation, reviewing and editing.

Sasan Aliniaeifard: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, reviewing and editing.

Farzaneh Yazdanpanah: methodology, reviewing and editing.

Massimo Bosacchi: critical reviewing and editing.

Not applicable.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masoud Tohidfar.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Shahbazi, M., Tohidfar, M., Aliniaeifard, S. et al. Transgenic tobacco co-expressing flavodoxin and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase confers cadmium tolerance through boosting antioxidant capacity. Protoplasma 259, 965–979 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01714-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01714-1

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