Abstract
In unicellular algae with a single chloroplast, two mechanisms coordinate cell and chloroplast division: the S phase–specific expression of chloroplast division genes and the permission of cell cycle progression from prophase to metaphase by the onset of chloroplast division. This study investigated whether a similar mechanism exists in a unicellular alga with multiple chloroplasts using the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora sudae, which contains four chloroplasts (cyanelles). Cells with eight cyanelles appeared after the S phase arrest with a topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin, suggesting that the mechanism of S phase–specific expression of cyanelle division genes was conserved in this alga. Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis by β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin arrested cells in the S–G2 phase, and inhibition of septum invagination with cephalexin resulted in cells with two nuclei and one cyanelle, despite inhibition of cyanelle division. This indicates that even in the unicellular alga with four chloroplasts, the cell cycle progresses to the M phase following the progression of chloroplast division to a certain division stage. These results suggested that C. sudae has two mechanisms for coordinating cell and cyanelle division, similar to the unicellular algae with a single chloroplast.
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The transcriptome dataset used during the current study was deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) sequence read archive (DRA) with accession no. DRA011817, with experiment no. DRX275855. Other data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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Acknowledgements
I thank Dr. Yoshinobu Hayashi (Keio University) for his technical advice and support for RNA-seq analysis and Dr. Shin-ya Miyagishima (National Institute of Genetics) for anti-Cyanophora paradoxa FtsZ, minD, and DipM antibodies. Computations were partially performed on the NIG supercomputer at ROIS National Institute of Genetics.
Funding
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17K18091, Basic Science Research Projects from The Sumitomo Foundation Grand Number 200251, Keio University Academic Development Funds for individual Research, and the Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University.
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Sumiya, N. Coordination mechanism of cell and cyanelle division in the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora sudae. Protoplasma 259, 855–867 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01704-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01704-3