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N,N-dimethyl hexadecylamine and related amines regulate root morphogenesis via jasmonic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are natural inhabitants of roots, colonize diverse monocot and dicot species, and affect several functional traits such as root architecture, adaptation to adverse environments, and protect plants from pathogens. N,N-dimethyl-hexadecylamine (C16-DMA) is a rhizobacterial amino lipid that modulates the postembryonic development of several plants, likely as part of volatile blends. In this work, we evaluated the bioactivity of C16-DMA and other related N,N-dimethyl-amines with varied length and found that inhibition of primary root growth was related to the length of the acyl chain. C16-DMA inhibited primary root growth affecting cell division and elongation, while promoting lateral root formation and root hair growth and density in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) wild-type (WT) seedlings. Interestingly, C16-DMA induced the expression of the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive gene marker pLOX2:uidA, while JA-related mutants jar1, coi1-1, and myc2 affected on JA biosynthesis and perception, respectively, are compromised in C16-DMA responses. Comparison of auxin-regulated gene expression, root architectural changes in WT, and auxin-related mutants aux1-7, tir1/afb2/afb3, and arf7-1/arf19-1 to C16-DMA shows that the C16-DMA effects occur independently of auxin signaling. Together, these results reveal a novel class of aminolipids modulating root organogenesis via crosstalk with the JA signaling pathway.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Coordinación de la Investigación Científica UMSNH (México) for funding this work via projects 2.22 (EVC) and 2.26 (JLB).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Javier Raya-González, Salvador Barrera-Ortiz, José López-Bucio & Eduardo Valencia-Cantero

  2. Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Crisanto Velázquez-Becerra

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  1. Javier Raya-González
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  2. Crisanto Velázquez-Becerra
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  3. Salvador Barrera-Ortiz
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  4. José López-Bucio
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Correspondence to Eduardo Valencia-Cantero.

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Fig. S1

DMAs regulate Arabidopsis shoot and root development. Arabidopsis WT (Col-0) seedlings were germinated and grown on 0.2× MS agar medium for 10 days with or without different concentrations of DMAs. Photographs of representative wild-type (Col-0) seedlings are presented. Note that C12 and C14 were the most active DMAs on Arabidopsis plant development. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. Scale bar = 1 cm (TIF 4949 kb)

Fig. S2

Selection of homozygous coi1 mutants from a heterozygous coi1/COI1 population. a Primary root length of WT (Col-0) seedlings and coi1 mutants in medium supplied with 4 μM JA. b Representative photograph showing the growth of coi1/COI1 seedlings on an agar plate supplemented with 4 μM JA. Notice the segregating plants with long primary roots corresponding to homozygous coi1 mutants (white arrows). Errors bar in (a) represent SE from 100 seedlings. Different letters indicate statistical differences at P < 0.05 (TIF 2516 kb)

Fig. S3

Shoot phenotype of WT and coi1 mutants in response to C16-DMA. a, b Representative photographs showing the growth of WT and coi1 seedlings grown side by side on agar plates supplied with the solvent (control) or 30 μM C16-DMA. Notice the strong growth-repressing effects of the compound on WT shoots but not in coi1 shoots (c, d). The experiment included 5 replicated plates per treatment. Scale bar= 1 cm (a, b) and 5 mm (c, d) (TIF 5837 kb)

Fig. S4

Effect of C16-DMA on root development of WT and myc2 seedlings. Arabidopsis wild-type (Col-0) and myc2 seedlings were germinated and grown side by side for 10 days on 0.2× MS medium supplied with varied C16-DMA concentrations. (a) Primary root length. b Lateral root number. c Representative plates showing the plant phenotypes. Errors bars represent SE from 20 seedlings. Different letters indicate statistical differences at P < 0.05. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. Scale bar = 1 cm (TIF 3659 kb)

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Raya-González, J., Velázquez-Becerra, C., Barrera-Ortiz, S. et al. N,N-dimethyl hexadecylamine and related amines regulate root morphogenesis via jasmonic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana . Protoplasma 254, 1399–1410 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1031-6

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