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Recent progress in the reduction of benzene derivatives and their industrial applications

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Abstract

Cyclohexane (CHA), cyclohexene (CHE), and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (CHD) derivatives have a wide variety of applications and scope in synthetic and industrial organic chemistry. These cyclic hydrocarbons are found in a variety of natural products, including herbal plants and fruits as basic fragrance components. The extraction and isolation of these essential hydrocarbons are too complex and difficult to pursue. However, the reduction of benzene and its derivatives is an essential and effective approach for producing CHA, CHE, and CHD derivatives. To obtain CHA, CHE, and CHD derivatives, several types of reduction techniques for benzene and its derivatives have been developed over the years, including various forms of catalytic hydrogenation, Benkeser reduction, classic and many modified Birch reductions such as ammonia-free, metal-free photochemical, solvent-free, electrochemical and electride-mediated Birch reduction. In this study, the comparison of chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, reaction conditions, reduction efficiency, and environmentally acceptable approaches of these techniques used for benzene reduction are summarized.

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Data availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. Should any raw data files be needed in another format they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Mohammad Tahir Aminzai

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

    Nangyallai Azizi & Yahya Nural

  3. Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey

    Erdal Yabalak

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Aminzai, M.T., Azizi, N., Nural, Y. et al. Recent progress in the reduction of benzene derivatives and their industrial applications. Monatsh Chem 155, 115–129 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03154-4

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